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Essential Question ► What was the impact of southern Reconstruction? Reconstruction State of the South Questions of Reconstruction ► How to rebuild the South after the Civil War? ► How to readmit the Confederate states to the Union? Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan ► Offer amnesty (pardon) to those willing to take a loyalty oath to the United States ► 10 percent of the population must take the oath = readmission as a state Andrew Johnson ► Democrat ► From Tennessee ► Remained loyal to the Union when TN seceded Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan ► Pardon all southerners who take an oath of loyalty to the Union ► Former Confederate states could set up state governments Johnson’ Reconstruction Plan ► Each state needed to revoke secession, ratify the 13th amendment Black Codes ► Southern laws which limited African American rights in the South ► Intended to keep African Americans in a condition of slavery Radical Republicans ► Opposed plan ► Led Johnson’s by Thaddeus Stevens Fourteenth Amendment ► June 1866 ► Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States Military Reconstruction Act ► Passed by Congress ► Divided the South in five military districts ► Union general was in charge of each district Military Reconstruction Act ► New state constitutions ► Right males ► Must to vote for all ratify the 14th amendment Fifteenth Amendment ► March 1870 ► Right to vote cannot be denied “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude” Freedmen’s Bureau ► Need for food and shelter for freed slaves ► Many settled on plantation lands Freedmen’s Bureau ► Task of feeding and clothing former slaves ► Find work for them ► Negotiate contracts ► Began labor education Freedmen’s Bureau Freedmen’s Bureau Impeachment of Johnson ► Johnson vetoed every policy from Congress ► Congress overrode his vetoes Impeachment of Johnson (1868) ► House of Representatives voted for his impeachment ► Senate on trial ► Final put Johnson vote – one vote shy of removing him from office Sharecropping ► New system for agriculture ► Tenant farmers paid rent with a share of their crops Sharecropping ► Landlords – landowners who control sharecroppers ► Crop liens – crops taken to cover debts Sharecropping ► Sharecroppers became trapped because farmers could not pay their debts ► Debt peonage Republican Rule Republicans in the South ► By 1870, all former Confederate states had joined the Union ► Republicans held political power ► Included freed slaves, northerners, poor whites Carpetbaggers ► Northerners moving into the South ► Became politics involved in Scalawags ► White southerners who worked with Republicans and supported Reconstruction African Americans ► First led by the educated ► Many who lived in the North and had fought for the Union army ► Became politics involved in Southern Resistance ► Against political power in the hands of African Americans ► Against Republicans leading southern politics Ku Klux Klan ► Started in 1866 by Nathaniel Bedford Forrest ► Secret ► Mostly society former Confederate soldiers Goals of the KKK ► Drive out carpetbaggers ► Regain control of the South for the Democratic Party ► Use terror Tactics of the KKK ► Broke up Republican meetings ► Harassed Freedmen’s Bureau workers ► Burned homes, churches, schools ► Kept Republicans (white and black) from voting Letter to the U.S. Senate “We believe you are not familiar with the description of the Ku Klux Klan’s riding nightly over the country, going from county to county, and in the county towns spreading terror wherever they go by robbing, whipping, ravishing, and killing our people without provocation . . . We pray you will take some steps to remedy these evils.” Ku Klux Klan Act ► Passed in 1871 by Congress ► Outlawed activities of the Klan ► Federal arrests Compromise of 1877 ► 1876 – presidential election ► Republican – Rutherford B. Hayes ► Democrat Tilden – Samuel Compromise of 1877 ► Election results disputed in three southern states ► Results decided by Congress ► Rutherford B. Hayes won with the support of southern Democrats End of Reconstruction ► April 1877 ► Hayes pulled federal troops out of the South ► Southern Democrats took control of all state legislatures Jim Crow Laws ► Southern states create laws to segregate public space