* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 3
History of homosexuality wikipedia , lookup
Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women wikipedia , lookup
Human sexual activity wikipedia , lookup
Homosexuality wikipedia , lookup
Incest taboo wikipedia , lookup
Erotic plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Hookup culture wikipedia , lookup
Sexual fluidity wikipedia , lookup
Reproductive health wikipedia , lookup
Sexual dysfunction wikipedia , lookup
Sexual racism wikipedia , lookup
Sexual stimulation wikipedia , lookup
Sexual addiction wikipedia , lookup
Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction wikipedia , lookup
Ego-dystonic sexual orientation wikipedia , lookup
Penile plethysmograph wikipedia , lookup
Age of consent wikipedia , lookup
Sexual reproduction wikipedia , lookup
Ages of consent in South America wikipedia , lookup
Sexual selection wikipedia , lookup
Catholic theology of sexuality wikipedia , lookup
Human male sexuality wikipedia , lookup
Sexual abstinence wikipedia , lookup
Sex in advertising wikipedia , lookup
Human sexual response cycle wikipedia , lookup
Sexological testing wikipedia , lookup
Heterosexuality wikipedia , lookup
Adolescent sexuality wikipedia , lookup
Human female sexuality wikipedia , lookup
Female promiscuity wikipedia , lookup
Sexual attraction wikipedia , lookup
Lesbian sexual practices wikipedia , lookup
Rochdale child sex abuse ring wikipedia , lookup
Sexual ethics wikipedia , lookup
1 Chapter 6: Sexuality Outline • • Exploring Adolescent Sexuality – A Normal Aspect of Adolescent Development – The Sexual Culture – Developing a Sexual Identity – Obtaining Research Information about Adolescent Sexuality Sexual Attitudes and Behavior – Heterosexual Attitudes and Behavior – Sexual Minority Attitudes and Behavior – Self-Stimulation – Contraceptive Use McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Chapter 6: Sexuality Outline (Continued from previous slide) • Adolescent Sexual Problems – Adolescent Pregnancy – Sexually Transmitted Infections – Forcible Sexual Behavior and Sexual Harassment • Sexual Literacy and Sex Education – – – – McGraw-Hill Sexual Literacy Sources of Sex Information Cognitive Factors Sex Education in Schools Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Preview During adolescence and emerging adulthood, the lives of adolescents are wrapped in sexuality. Adolescence and emerging adulthood are time frames when individuals engage in sexual exploration and incorporate sexuality into their identity. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Exploring Adolescent Sexuality • A Normal Aspect of Adolescent Development – Sexuality is a normal part of adolescence. (Diamond, & Savin-Williams, 2009). – The Sexual Culture • A special concern is the way sex is portrayed in the media. – Developing a Sexual Identity • Mastering emerging sexual feelings and forming a sense of sexual identity is multifaceted (Diamond, & SavinWilliams, 2009). – Obtaining Information about Adolescent Sexuality • Assessing sexual attitudes and behavior is not always a straightforward matter. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior • Heterosexual Attitudes and Behavior – Sequence and Change • In what sequence do adolescents engage in various sexual behaviors? – In one study, 452 18- to 25-year-olds were asked about their own past sexual experiences (Feldman, Turner, & Araujo, 1999). – The following progression of sexual behaviors occurred: • Kissing • Petting • Sexual intercourse • Oral sex McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior • Heterosexual Attitudes and Behavior (Continued) – Sequence and Change • Adolescents are increasingly engaging in oral sex earlier in the progression (National Center for Health Statistics, 2002). • The current profile of sexual activity of adolescents as reported in a recent U.S. national survey: – 63% of 12th graders reported they had experienced sexual intercourse (64% of males, 62% of females) compared with 34% of 9th graders (39% of males, 29% of females) (MMWR, 2006). McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior Timing of Sexual Intercourse in U.S. Adolescents Fig. 6.1 McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior • Heterosexual Attitudes and Behavior (Continued) – Sequence and Change • Adolescent males are more likely than adolescent females to say that they have had sexual intercourse and are sexually active (MMWR, 2006). • Adolescent males are more likely than their female counterparts to describe sexual intercourse as an enjoyable experience. • Sexual initiation varies by ethnic group in the U.S. (Santelli, Abraido-Lanza, & Melnikas, 2009). McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior Sexual Timetables of White, African American, Latino, and Asian American Adolescents Fig. 6.2 McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior (Continued from previous slide) • Heterosexual Attitudes and Behavior – Oral Sex • Recent research indicates that oral sex is now a common occurrence in U.S. adolescents (Bersamin & Walker, 2006; Brewster, Harker Tillman, 2008). • For many adolescents oral sex is a recreational activity practiced outside an intimate, caring relationship (Walsh & Bennett, 2004). • One reason for the increase in oral sex during adolescence is the belief that oral sex is not really sex. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior Percentage of U.S. 15- to 19- Year-Old Boys and Girls Who Reported Engaging in Oral Sex Fig. 6.3 McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior (Continued from previous slide) • Heterosexual Attitudes and Behavior – Cross-Cultural Comparisons • The timing of teenage sexual initiation varies widely by culture and gender in most instances linked to the culture’s values and customs. – Sexual Scripts • Are a stereotyped pattern of role prescriptions for how individuals should behave sexually. • Females and males have been socialized to follow different sexual scripts. • The majority of adolescent sexual experiences involve the male’s making sexual advances, and it is up to the female to set the limits on the male’s sexual overtures (Goodchilds & Zellman, 1984). McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior (Continued from previous slide) • Heterosexual Attitudes and Behavior – Risk Factors, Youth Assets, and Sexual Problems • Many adolescents are not emotionally prepared to handle sexual experiences, especially in early adolescence. • Early sexual activity is linked with risky behaviors such as drug use, delinquency, and school-related problems (Dryfoos & Barkin, 2006). • Risk factors for sexual problems in adolescence include contextual factors such as socioeconomic status (SES), as well as family/parenting, peer, and academic factors (Charles & Blum, 2008; Dupere & others, 2008). McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior (Continued from previous slide) • Heterosexual Attitudes and Behavior – Risk Factors, Youth Assets, and Sexual Problems • Having older sexually active siblings or pregnant/parenting teenage sisters places adolescents at an elevated risk of adolescent pregnancy (Miller, Benson, & Galbraith, 2001). • Not feeling close to their parents, having low self-esteem, and watching TV extensively were linked to adolescents being sexually active at 15 years of age (Hyde & Price, 2007). • Cognitive factors are implicated in sexual risk taking in adolescence (Fantasia, 2008). – Attention problems – Self-regulation McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior • Heterosexual Attitudes and Behavior – Further Exploration of Heterosexual Attitudes and Behavior in Emerging Adults At the beginning of emerging adulthood (age 18), surveys indicate that just more than half of individuals have experienced sexual intercourse. By the end of emerging adulthood (age 25) most individuals have had sexual intercourse (Lefkowitz & Gillen, 2006). The average age of marriage in the United States is currently 27 for males and 26 for females (Popenoe & Whitehead, 2006). Emerging adulthood is a time frame during which most individuals are “both sexually active and unmarried.” (Lefkowitz & Gillen, 2006, p. 235). McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior (Continued from previous slide) • Heterosexual Attitudes and Behavior – Further Exploration of Heterosexual Attitudes and Behavior in Emerging Adults • Males have more casual sexual partners and females report being more selective about their choice of a sexual partner. • Approximately 60% of emerging adults have had sexual intercourse with only 1 individual in the past year, but compared to young adults in their late 20s and 30s, emerging adults are more likely to have had sexual intercourse with 2 or more individuals. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior (Continued from previous slide) • Heterosexual Attitudes and Behavior – Further Exploration of Heterosexual Attitudes and Behavior in Emerging Adults • Although emerging adults have sexual intercourse with more individuals than young adults, they have sex less frequently. Approximately 25 percent of emerging adults report having sexual intercourse only a couple of times a year or not at all (Michael & others, 1994). • Casual sex is more common in emerging adulthood than in young adulthood. One study indicated that 30 percent of emerging adults said they had “hooked up” with someone and had sexual intercourse during college (Paul, McManus, & Hayes, 2000). McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior (Continued from previous slide) • Sexual Minority Attitudes and Behavior – The majority of sexual minority (same-sex) individuals experience their first same-sex attraction, sexual behavior, and self-labeling as a gay male or lesbian during adolescence (Diamond & Savin-Williams, 2009; Savin-Williams, 2006). – While most gay males and lesbians have their first same-sex experience in adolescence, they often have their first extended same-sex relationship in emerging adulthood. – The term bisexual refers to someone who is attracted to people of both sexes. – Researchers have gravitated toward more descriptive and limited terms than “homosexual,” preferring such terms as “individuals with same-sex attractions,” or individuals who have engaged in same-sex behavior .” McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior (Continued from previous slide) • Factors Associated with Sexual Minority Behavior – Although research suggests there may be a genetic contribution to sexual attraction in some individuals, we are far from understanding the mechanisms involved. – Most experts believe that no one factor alone causes same-sex attraction and that the relative weight of each factor may vary from one individual to the next. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior (Continued from previous slide) • Factors Associated with Sexual Minority Behavior – An individual’s sexual attraction is most likely determined by a combination of genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environmental factors (Mustanski, Chivers, & Bailey, 2003). – There also is no evidence to support the oncepopular theories that being a gay male is caused by a dominant mother or a weak father, or that being a lesbian is caused by girls’ choosing male role models. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior (Continued from previous slide) • Developmental Pathways – Sexual minority youth have diverse patterns of initial attraction, often have bisexual attractions, and may have physical or emotional attraction to same-sex individuals but do not always fall in love with them (Diamond, & Savin-Williams, 2009). McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior (Continued from previous slide) • Gay Male or Lesbian Identity and Disclosure – Mothers are more likely than fathers to know about their adolescent’s (son’s or daughter’s) same-sex attractions. – Approximately 50 to 60 percent of lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents have disclosed to at least one sibling, but siblings are still seldom the first person to whom a sexual minority youth discloses. – The first person to whom adolescents may disclose their sexual minority identity is likely to be a friend. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior (Continued from previous slide) • Gay Male or Lesbian Identity and Disclosure – Establishing a gay male or lesbian identity is often referred to as the coming-out process. (Rosario & others, 2006). – Parents are seldom the first person an adolescent tells about his or her same-sex attractions. – Mothers are usually told before fathers, possibly because adolescents have more distant relationships with fathers. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior (Continued from previous slide) • Discrimination and Bias – Having irrational negative feelings against individuals who have same-sex attractions is called homophobia. – In its more extreme forms, homophobia can lead individuals to ridicule, physically assault, or even murder people they believe to have same-sex attractions. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior (Continued from previous slide) • Discrimination and Bias – Homophobia is associated with avoidance of same-sex individuals, faulty beliefs about sexual minority lifestyles (such as believing the falsehood that most child molesters have same-sex attractions), and subtle or overt discrimination in housing, employment, and other areas of life (Meyer, 2003). – One common form of self-devaluation is called passing, the process of hiding one’s real social identity. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior (Continued from previous slide) • Self-Stimulation – Most boys have an ejaculation for the first time at about 12 to 13 years of age. – Masturbation, genital contact with a same-sex or other-sex partner, or a wet dream during sleep are common circumstances for ejaculation. – Masturbation is the most frequent sexual outlet for many adolescents (Gates & Sonnenstein, 2000). – Today, as few as 15 percent of adolescents attach any stigma to masturbation (Hyde & DeLamater, 2008). McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior • Contraceptive Use (Continued from previous slide) – Youth encounter two kinds of risks: unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (Frost, Darroch, & Remez, 2008; Kelly, 2008). – Both risks can be reduced significantly by using certain forms of contraception and barriers. – Adolescents are increasing their use of contraceptives but large numbers still do not use them (Parkes & others, 2009; Sterling & Sadler, 2009). – Sexually active younger adolescents are less likely than older adolescents to take contraceptive precautions. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Adolescent Sexual Problems Sexual problems in adolescence include: –Adolescent pregnancy –Sexually transmitted infections –Forcible sexual behavior –Sexual harassment McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 29 Adolescent Sexual Problems (Continued from previous slide) • Adolescent Pregnancy – Pregnant adolescents were once virtually invisible and unmentionable, shuttled off to homes for unwed mothers where relinquishment of the baby for adoption was their only option, or subjected to unsafe and illegal abortions. But yesterday’s secret has become today’s dilemma. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 30 Adolescent Sexual Problems (Continued from previous slide) • Incidence of Adolescent Pregnancy • Adolescent girls who become pregnant are from different ethnic groups and from different places, but their circumstances have the same stressfulness. • More than 200,000 females in the United States have a child before their eighteenth birthday. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 31 Adolescent Sexual Problems (Continued from previous slide) • Cross-Cultural Comparisons • The United States continued to have one of the highest rates of adolescent pregnancy and childbearing in the developed world, despite a considerable decline in the 1990s. • U.S. adolescent pregnancy rates are similar to those of Russia and several Eastern European countries, such as Bulgaria; nearly twice those of Canada and Great Britain; and at least four times the rates in France, Sweden, Germany, and Japan. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 32 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Adolescent Pregnancy Rates Fig. 6.4 McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 33 Adolescent Sexual Problems (Continued from previous slide) • Why are U.S. adolescent pregnancy rates so high? • Three reasons based on cross-cultural studies (Boonstra, 2002, pp. 9-10): • Childbearing regarded as adult activity. • Clear messages about sexual behavior. • Access to family planning services. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 34 Adolescent Sexual Problems (Continued from previous slide) • Decreasing U.S. Adolescent Pregnancy Rates • In 2004, births to adolescent girls fell to a record low (Child Trends, 2006). • The rate of births to adolescent girls has dropped 30 percent since 1991. Reasons for these declines include: • Increased contraceptive use • Fear of STDs • School/community health classes • Greater hope for future McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 35 Adolescent Sexual Problems U.S. Adolescent Birth Rate by Ethnicity, 1990 to 2006 Fig. 6.5 McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 36 Adolescent Sexual Problems Births to 15- to 19-Year-Old Girls and the Percentage Unmarried, 1950–2005 Fig. 6.6 McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 37 Adolescent Sexual Problems (Continued from previous slide) • Abortion • Impassioned debate characterizes abortion in the United States today, and this debate is likely to continue in the foreseeable future (Brown, 2006). • Abortion is easier to obtain in some countries, most notably the Scandinavian countries, than in the United States, where abortion and adolescent sexual activity are more stigmatized. • In the U.S., 19 percent of abortions are performed on 15- to 19-year-old girls while less than 1 percent are carried out with those less than 15 years of age (Alan Guttmacher Institute, 2003). McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 38 Adolescent Sexual Problems (Continued from previous slide) • Abortion • Legislation mandating parental consent for an adolescent girl’s abortion has been justified by several assumptions: • High risk of harm from abortion. • Adolescents’ inability to make an adequately informed decision. • Benefits of parental involvement. • Regardless of research outcomes, pro-life and prochoice advocates are convinced of the rightness of their positions (Hyde & DeLamater, 2008). Their conflict has a foundation in religious beliefs, political convictions, and morality. This conflict has no easy solutions. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 39 Adolescent Sexual Problems (Continued from previous slide) • Consequences of Adolescent Pregnancy • Creates health risks for both baby and the mother. • Infants are more likely to have low birth weights. • A prominent factor in infant mortality—as well as neurological problems and childhood illness (MalamitsiPuchner & Boutsikou, 2006). • Adolescent mothers often drop out of school. • It often is not pregnancy alone that leads to negative consequences for an adolescent mother and her offspring (Oxford & others, 2006). McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 40 Adolescent Sexual Problems (Continued from previous slide) • Adolescents as Parents • Children of adolescent parents face problems even before they are born (Chedraui, 2008). • Adolescent mothers are less competent at child rearing (Osofsky, 1990). • Adolescent mothers have less realistic expectations for their infants’ development than do older mothers (Osofsky, 1990). • Children born to adolescent mothers do not perform as well on intelligence tests and have more behavioral problems than children born to mothers in their twenties (Silver, 1988). McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 41 Adolescent Sexual Problems (Continued from previous slide) • Adolescents as Parents • Although some adolescent fathers are involved with their children, the majority are not. • Adolescent fathers have lower incomes, less education, and more children than do men who delay having children until their twenties. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 42 Adolescent Sexual Problems (Continued from previous slide) • Reducing Adolescent Pregnancy • Extensive efforts are needed to reduce adolescent pregnancy and to help pregnant adolescents and young mothers enhance their educational and occupational opportunities (Key & others, 2008). • John Conger (1988) offered four recommendations for reducing the high rate of adolescent pregnancy: 1. 2. 3. 4. McGraw-Hill Sex education and family planning. Access to contraceptive methods. The life options approach. Broad community involvement and support. Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 43 Adolescent Sexual Problems (Continued from previous slide) • Reducing Adolescent Pregnancy (Continued) • Teen Outreach Program (TOP) (Dryfoos & Barkin, 2006). • Girls, Inc. (Roth & others, 1998). • Growing Together • Will Power/Won’t Power • Taking Care of Business • Health Bridge • Abstinence McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 44 Adolescent Sexual Problems (Continued from previous slide) • Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) • Contracted primarily through sexual contact. • Not limited to vaginal intercourse but includes oral-genital and anal-genital contact. • STIs are an increasing health problem. • Three STIs caused by viruses: • AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) • Genital herpes • Genital warts • Three STIs caused by bacterial infections: • Gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 45 Adolescent Sexual Problems (Continued from previous slide) • HIV and AIDS • No single STI has caused more deaths, had a greater impact on sexual behavior, or created more public fear in recent decades, than HIV (Strong & others, 2008). • AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) • • • • A sexually transmitted infection. Caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Destroys the body’s immune system. Through December 2005, there were 41,149 cumulative cases of AIDS in 13- to 24-year-olds in the United States (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007). McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 46 Adolescent Sexual Problems (Continued from previous slide) • AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) • There are some differences in AIDS cases in U.S. adolescents, compared with AIDS cases in U.S. adults: • A higher percentage of adolescent AIDS cases are acquired by heterosexual transmission. • A higher percentage of adolescents are asymptomatic individuals (but will become symptomatic in adulthood)—that is, they are HIVpositive, but do not yet have AIDS. • A higher percentage of African American and Latino AIDS cases occur in adolescence. • A special set of ethical and legal issues are involved in testing and informing partners and parents of adolescents. • Adolescents have less access to contraceptives and are less likely to use them than adults. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 47 Adolescent Sexual Problems (Continued from previous slide) • AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) • HIV can be transmitted only by: • Sexual contact • Sharing of needles • Blood transfusion (which has been tightly monitored) (Kelly, 2008) • Approximately 90 percent of AIDS cases in the United States continue to occur among men who have sex with other men and intravenous drug users. • A disproportionate increase among females who are heterosexual partners of bisexual males or of intravenous drug users has recently been noted (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 48 Adolescent Sexual Problems Understanding AIDS: What’s Risky, What’s Not Fig. 6.6 McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 49 Adolescent Sexual Problems (Continued from previous slide) • Genital Herpes • A sexually transmitted infection. • Caused by a large family of viruses such as: • Cold sores • Chicken pox • Mononucleosis • Painful sores and blisters. • It is direct contact with the sores that transmits the virus. • The virus can pass through nonlatex condoms as well as contraceptive foams and creams. • It is estimated that more than 600,000 new genital herpes infections are appearing in the 15- to 24-year-old age group in the United States each year. • There is no known cure (Paz-Bailey & others, 2008). McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 50 Adolescent Sexual Problems (Continued from previous slide) • Genital Warts • • • • • • • • • McGraw-Hill Caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). Does not always produce symptoms. Very contagious. Genital warts usually appear as small, hard, painless bumps on the penis, in the vaginal area, or around the anus. More than 9 million individuals in the United States in the 15to 24-year-old age group are estimated to have an HPV infection. Treatment involves the use of a topical drug, freezing, or surgery. The genital warts may return. In some cases they are linked to cervical cancer. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend the vaccine Gardasil for all 11- and 12-year-old girls. Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Adolescent Sexual Problems (Continued from previous slide) • Gonorrhea • • • • A STI. Commonly called the “drip” or the “clap.” Caused by a bacterium called neisseria gonorrhoeae. Spread by contact between the infected moist membranes of one individual and the membranes of another. • It is estimated that more than 400,000 new cases appear each year in the 15- to 24-year-old age group (Weinstock, Berman, & Cates, 2004). • Early symptoms in males—a discharge from the penis and burning during urination. • Early symptoms in females—a mild, sometimes irritating vaginal discharge. • Can be successfully treated in its early stages. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 52 Adolescent Sexual Problems (Continued from previous slide) • Syphilis • • • • A STI. Caused by a bacterium called treponema pallidum. Transmitted by penile-vaginal, oral-genital, or anal contact. Can also be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her fetus after the fourth month of pregnancy. • It is estimated that approximately 8,000 new cases appear in the United States each year in the 15- to 24-year-old age group. (Weinstock, Berman, & Cates, 2004). • If untreated may progress through four phases: • • • • Primary (chancre sores appear). Secondary (general skin rash occurs). Latent (can last for several years in which no overt symptoms are present). Tertiary (cardiovascular disease, blindness, paralysis, skin ulcers, liver damage, and even death) (Crooks & Baur, 2008). • Can be effectively treated with penicillin. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 53 Adolescent Sexual Problems (Continued from previous slide) • Chlamydia • One of the most common of all STIs. • Named for chlamydia trachomatis. • An organism that spreads by sexual contact and infects the genital organs of both sexes. • About 4 million Americans are infected with chlamydia each year. • About 10 percent of all college students have chlamydia. • It is highly infectious. • Women run a 70 percent risk of contracting it in a single sexual encounter with an infected partner. • The male risk is estimated at between 25 and 50 percent. • The estimated annual incidence in the 15- to 24-year-old age group is 1 million individuals (Weinstock, Berman, & Cates, 2004). McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 54 Adolescent Sexual Problems • Forcible Sexual Behavior and Sexual Harassment – Rape • A traumatic experience for the victim and those close to her or him (Gannon & others, 2008). • The victim initially feels shock and numbness and is often acutely disorganized. • Some women show their distress through words and tears, others show more internalized suffering. • They might experience: – – – – – – McGraw-Hill Depression Fear Anxiety Sexual dysfunctions Lifestyle changes Suicide attempts Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 55 Adolescent Sexual Problems Completed Rape and Attempted Rape of College Women According to Victim-Offender Relationship Fig. 6.7 McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 56 Adolescent Sexual Problems • Forcible Sexual Behavior and Sexual Harassment – Date, or Acquaintance Rape • A form of rape. • A coercive sexual activity directed at someone whom the perpetrator knows (Clark & Carroll, 2008). • An increasing problem in high schools and on college campuses (Kaufman and the Committee on Adolescence, 2008; Olshen & others, 2007). McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 57 Adolescent Sexual Problems • Sexual Harassment – – – – – Sexual comments, jokes, gestures, and looks. Sexist remarks and covert physical contact. Sexual rumors. Blatant propositions and sexual assaults. Quid Pro Quo • When a school employee threatens to base an educational decision (such as a grade) on a student’s submission to unwelcome sexual conduct. – Hostile environment • Unwelcome sexual conduct that is so severe, persistent, or pervasive that it limits the student’s ability to benefit from their education. – A form of power and dominance over another. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 58 Sexual Literacy and Sex Education • • Sexual Literacy • Sexual information is abundant, but much of it is misinformation. Sources of Sex Information • Adolescents can get information about sex from many sources: parents, siblings, schools, peers, magazines, television, and the Internet. • A special concern is the accuracy of sexual information. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 59 Sexual Literacy and Sex Education • Sources of Sex Information • A special concern is the accuracy of sexual information. • Many parents feel uncomfortable talking about sex. • Many adolescents feel uncomfortable talking about sex. • Contraceptive use by female adolescents also increases when adolescents report that they can communicate about sex with their parents (Fisher, 1987). • Adolescents are far more likely to have conversations about sex with their mothers than with their fathers (Kirkman, Rosenthal, & Feldman, 2002). McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 60 Cognitive Factors • Cognitive Factors in Adolescent Pregnancy • Informing adolescents about contraceptives is not enough. • What seems to predict whether or not they will use contraceptives is their acceptance of themselves and their sexuality. • This acceptance requires not only emotionality maturity but cognitive maturity. • Here prevention is based on the belief that adolescents have the cognitive ability to approach problem solving in a planned, organized, and analytical manner. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 61 Cognitive Factors • Cognitive Factors in Adolescent Pregnancy • Although many adolescents have the cognitive skills it does not mean they use them when they are sexually aroused or being pressured by a partner. • Young adolescents (10 to 15 years of age) seem to experience sex in a depersonalized way that is filled with anxiety and denial. • Middle adolescents (15 to 17 years of age) often romanticize sexuality. • Late adolescents (18 to 19 years of age) are to some degree realistic and future oriented about sexual experiences, just as they are about careers and marriage. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 62 Sexual Literacy and Sex Education • Sex Education in Schools • 89 percent of parents in Minnesota recommended teaching adolescents about both abstinence and comprehensive sex education that includes contraception information (Eisenberg & others, 2008). • 93 percent of Americans support the teaching of sex education in high schools, and 84 percent support its teaching in middle/junior high schools (SIECUS, 1999). • The dramatic increase in HIV/AIDS and other STIs is the main reason that Americans have supported sex education in schools. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 63 Sexual Literacy and Sex Education • Sex Education in Schools • Sex education in U.S. schools today is increasingly focused on abstinence and is less likely to present students with comprehensive teaching that includes information about birth control, abortion, and sexual orientation (Eisenberg & others, 2008; Constantine, 2008; Hampton, 2008). McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 64 Health and Well-Being • A major controversy in sex education is whether schools should have an abstinenceonly program or a program that emphasizes contraceptive knowledge. • Two recent research reviews found that abstinence-only programs do not delay the initiation of sexual intercourse and do not reduce HIV risk behavior (Kirby, Laris, & Rolleir, 2007). McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 65 Health and Well-Being • • A recent study revealed that adolescents who experienced comprehensive sex education were less likely to report adolescent pregnancies than those who were given abstinence-only sex education or no education (Kohler, Manhart, & Lafferty, 2008). A number of leading experts on adolescent sexuality now conclude that sex education programs that emphasize contraceptive knowledge do not increase the incidence of sexual intercourse and are more likely to reduce the risk of adolescent pregnancy and STIs than abstinence-only programs (Constantine, 2008; Eisenberg & others, 2008; Hampton, 2008; Hyde & DeLamater, 2008). McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 66 Health and Well-Being • • • U.S. sex education typically has focused on the hazards of sex and the need to protect adolescent females from male predators (Fine, 1988). The contrast between the U.S. and other Western nations is remarkable (Hampton, 2008). Swedish State Commission on Sex Education recommends that students gain knowledge to help them experience sexual life as a source of happiness and fellowship with others. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 67 Health and Well-Being • • Swedish adolescents are sexually active at an earlier age than are American adolescents, and they are exposed to even more explicit sex on TV. Teachers handle the subject of sex whenever it becomes relevant, regardless of the subject they are teaching. • The idea is to dedramatize and demystify sex so that familiarity will make students less vulnerable to unwanted pregnancy and STIs. • The adolescent pregnancy rate in Sweden is one of the lowest in the world. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 68 RESOURCES FOR IMPROVING THE LIVES OF ADOLESCENTS • AIDS Hotline – National AIDS Information Clearinghouse 800–342–AIDS 800–344–SIDA (Spanish) 800–AIDS–TTY (Deaf) The people answering the hotline will respond to any questions children, youth, or adults have about HIV infection or AIDS. Pamphlets and other materials on AIDS are available. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 69 RESOURCES FOR IMPROVING THE LIVES OF ADOLESCENTS • Alan Guttmacher Institute www.guttmacher.org The Alan Guttmacher Institute is a resource for information about adolescent sexuality. The Institute publishes a well-respected journal, Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health (renamed in 2003, formerly Family Planning Perspectives), which includes articles on many dimensions of sexuality, such as adolescent pregnancy, statistics on sexual behavior and attitudes, and sexually transmitted infections. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 70 RESOURCES FOR IMPROVING THE LIVES OF ADOLESCENTS • • “Adolescent Sexuality” by Diamond, L. & Savin-Williams, R. (2009). In Lerner, R.M. & Steinberg, L. (Eds). Handbook of Adolescent Psychology. New York: Wiley. National Sexually Transmitted Diseases Hotline 800–227–8922 This hotline provides information about a wide variety of sexually transmitted infections. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 71 RESOURCES FOR IMPROVING THE LIVES OF ADOLESCENTS • Sex Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS) www.siecus.org This organization serves as an information clearinghouse about sex education. The group’s objective is to promote the concept of human sexuality as an integration of physical, intellectual, emotional, and social dimensions. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 72 E-LEARNING TOOLS To help you master the material in this chapter, visit the Online Learning Center for Adolescence, 13th edition at: http://www.mhhe.com/santrocka13e McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.