Download Why Do People Maintain an Exercise Program?

Why Do People Maintain an
Exercise Program?
December 3, 2002
How Many People Exercise?
 Behavior
 Popular
Risk Survey (1997):
belief:
Important Considerations
 Interventions
 Stage
of Life Cycle
– Major life changes lead to declines in exercise
Adherence Models for Exercise
 Most
are developed from health psychology
 Why do people stop or continue smoking?
 What is the problem with this logic?
Adherence Models
 Self-Efficacy/Social
 Health
Cognitive Theory
Belief Model
 Theory of Reasoned Action
 Theory of Planned Behavior
 Decision Theory
 Transtheoretical Model
Self-Efficacy/Social Cognitive
Theory (Bandura, 1988)
 Not
as much of a health theory
 Efficacy Expectation-->Behavior-->
Outcome Expectations
Health Belief Model
(Rosenstock, 1966)
 Focus
on preventative health behavior
 Most widely recognized conceptual
framework for health behavior
 Developed to encourage behaviors that
prevent unwanted negative conditions
Health Belief Model
 Principle
considerations
– Individual must perceive a threat, and have
– Sense of personal vulnerability
– Disease will have at least moderate severity on
some component of life
– Action will reduce severity or susceptibility
– Very rational approach
Research on Health Belief Model

Slecker et al. (1984) used HBM to try to distinguish
joggers from non-exercisers
– Joggers = 3X/week for 20 minutes
– Non-exerciser = hadn’t exercised regularly in past
6 months
– Joggers = greater perception of severity, more
benefits of and cues to jogging, and less barriers to
jog
– Perceived susceptibility did not distinguish
joggers/non-exercisers
Health Belief Model
Problems
Theory of Reasoned Action
(Azjen & Fishbein, 1980)
 Applicable
to volitional behaviors
 Assumes that people:
Theory of Reasoned Action
(Azjen & Fishbein, 1980)
 Intentions
Theory of Reasoned Action
 Attitudes:
Theory of Reasoned Action
 Subjective
Norms:
Theory of Reasoned Action
Problems
 Not
appropriate for predicting or explaining
behavior in situations where people had
little power over events around them
 If behavior is not fully under volitional
control, a person may be highly motivated
by attitudes and subjective norms, yet may
not perform behavior
Theory of Planned Behavior
(Azjen, 1985)
 To
improve predictive power, Azjen added
another construct to the original model
Perceived Behavioral Control
 Perceived
ease or difficulty in performing a
behavior
 Extent that non-volitional factors interfere
with ones' attempt to perform a behavior
Limitations
Decision Theory
(Janis & Mann, 1977)
 Use
of cost-benefit analysis of behavior
change
 Costs of involvement in exercise may be
high
– time away from family, $$, social opportunities
 Used
as a strategy to make a decision
 May ask person to fill out a worksheet of
both, to draw attn. to benefits
Transtheoretical Model
(Prochaska & DiClemente, 1983)
 5-stage
model
 Precontemplation
 Contemplation
Transtheoretical Model
 Preparation
 Action
 Maintenance
Transtheoretical Model
 Three
advantages of dividing population
into stages of change:
Transtheoretical Model