Download Slide 1

Science and induction
• General induction (*** preferred ***)
– Hypothesis based on many pieces of
information (evidence, exemplars, premises)
– E.g., a scientific theory about a lot of different
experimental results
• Specific induction
– Hypothesis based on only one piece of
evidence
– E.g., scientist creates a new theory after doing
one experiment
Other types of induction
• Explanatory induction (*** preferred ***)
(aka, Abduction)
– Hypothesis seeks to explain evidence
– E.g., scientific theory explains in detail how
certain concepts relate to each other
• Descriptive induction
– Hypothesis describes the evidence
– E.g., scientific theory describes a pattern or
label of what’s going on
Theories of Health Behavior
• Health Belief Model (HBM)
– Your knowledge of a particular area of health
determines your behavior
– Rosenstock, 1974
– Your behavior is based on
• 1) perceived threat of getting a particular disease
• 2) perceived effectiveness of taking actions to
avoid the disease
More theories of health behavior
• Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
• Azjen & Fishbein, 1980
– Healthy behavior based on your intentions
– i.e., if you intend to be healthy, you will be
healthy
– Officially called “behavioral intention”
• 1) attitudes toward healthy activities
• 2) the people around you (social norms)
More theories of health behavior
• Social Cognitive Theory
– Bandura, 1977
– People do what is rewarding; they don’t do
what is punishing
– Based on whether you believe an action is
rewarding or punishing
• Based on personal experiences
• Or, based on other people’s experiences
(“vicarious learning”)
More on social cognitive theory
• Social Cognitive Theory (continued)
– Self-efficacy  you have to believe that you
can accomplish a goal
– Determines whether you engage in a healthy
behavior
More theories of health behavior
• Transtheoretical model (TTM)
– Prochaska & DiClemente, 1984
– All individuals divided into different groups
based on their health behavior
– Series of stages of health behavior from worst
to best
More on transtheoretical model
• Stages of Change:
– Precontemplation: don’t think about or care
about your health
– Contemplation: first start thinking about your
health
– Preparation: start making a plan for your
health
– Action: start carrying out the plan
– Maintenance: keep up the healthy behavior
over time (6 mos. Or longer)