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Psychology
The Science of
Behavior
Seventh Edition
Neil R. Carlson,
Harold Miller, C. Donald Heth,
John W. Donahoe, and
G. Neil Martin
Prepared by Linda Fayard
Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College
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Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon
Chapter 15
Social Psychology
Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon
Social Psychology
1. Social Cognition
2. Attitudes: Their Formation and Change
3. Stereotypes and Prejudice
4. Social Influences and Group Behavior
5. Interpersonal Attraction and Loving
Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon
Social Cognition
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Impression Formation
The Self
Attribution
Attributional Biases
Attribution, Heuristics, and Social Cognition
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Impression Formation
How do we form impressions of others?
 Schema are the mental frameworks that
organize or synthesize information about a
person, place, or thing
 Central traits are personality attributes that
organize and influence the interpretation of
other traits
 Primacy Effect is the tendency to form an
impression of someone based on the initial
information one receives about him/her
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The Self
 Self-concept is one’s knowledge, feelings,
and beliefs about him/her.
 Self-schema is a mental framework that
represents and synthesizes information
about oneself
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Attribution
 Attributions are the processes by which
people infer the causes of other people’s
behavior
 Situational factors: are stimuli in the
environment
 Dispositional factors: are a person’s traits,
needs, and intentions
 Kelly’s Theory of Attribution
Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon
Attributional Biases
 The fundamental attribution error is our
tendency to overestimate the significance of
internal factors and underestimate the
significance of external factors when
explaining other people’s behavior
 Belief in a just world is when we believe
that people get what they deserve
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Attributional Biases
 Actor-observer effect is when we tend to
attribute one’s own behavior to external
factors but others’ to internal factors
 Self-serving bias is the tendency to
attribute our accomplishments and
successes to internal causes and our
failures and mistakes to external causes
 Self-handicapping is impairing one’s
performance so as to attribute failures
situationally and successes dispositionally
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Attribution, Heuristics, and Social
Cognition
 Representativeness heuristic is a general
rule for decision making through which
people include a person, place, or thing in
the category to which it appears most similar
 Availability heuristics is a general rule for
judging the likelihood or importance of an
event by the ease with which examples of
that event are recalled
Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon
Attitudes:
Their Formation and Change
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Formation of Attitudes
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Attitude Change and Persuasion
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Cognitive Dissonance
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Self-Perception
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Attitude Change and Persuasion
Figure 15.1: Elaboration Likelihood Model
of Attitude Change
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Cognitive Dissonance
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The theory that chances in attitude can be
motivated by an unpleasant state of
tension caused by a disparity between our
attitudes and our behavior
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Justification
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Self-Perception
 Self-perception Theory states that we
come to understand our attitudes and
emotions by observing our own behavior and
the circumstances under which it occurs
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Stereotypes and Prejudice
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The Origins of Prejudice
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
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Hope for Change
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The Origins of Prejudice
 A prejudice is a preconceived opinion or
bias, especially a negative attitude or
evaluation toward a group of people defined
by their racial, ethnic, or religious heritage or
by their gender or occupation
 Prejudice may lead us to stereotype people
or to discriminate against them
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The Origins of Prejudice
 The Role of Competition
 The Role of Self-Esteem
 The Role of Social Cognition
 The Role of Evolution
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
 A self-fulfilling prophecy is a stereotype
that causes a person to act in a manner
consistent with that stereotype
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Hope for Change
 If people can be made aware of their
prejudices, they may be persuaded that their
attitudes are unjustified
 Exposure and training to different groups
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Social Influences and
Group Behavior
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Conformity
Social Facilitation
Social Loafing
Commitment and Compliance
Obedience to Authority
Group Decision Making
Resisting Social Influences
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Conformity
 Conformity is the adoption of the attitudes
and behaviors that characterize a particular
group of people
 Social Norms
 Bystander Intervention
Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon
Figure 15.3: An Example of the Stimuli
Used by Asch (1951)
 Which of the three
alternatives is the
same length as the
sample?
 Would you change
your answer if
everyone in the class
picked a different
answer than you?
 What if their answer
was wrong?
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Social Facilitation and Social Loafing
 Social facilitation is when there is an
enhancement of task performance because
there are other people present
 Social loafing is the decreased effort put
forth by individuals when working in a group
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Commitment and Compliance
 Products and opinions are made more
attractive when they are demonstrated by
attractive people
 Attractive people get better compliance
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Group Decision Making
 Group Polarization is the tendency for the
initial position of a group to become more
extreme during the discussion preceding a
decision
 Group Think is the tendency of group
members to avoid dissent so as to achieve
consensus
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Figure 15.6: A Summary of Janis’s
Conception of Groupthink
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Resisting Social Influence
 We can be sensitive to ourselves and to the
situation
 Try to realize when we are being
manipulated
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Interpersonal Attraction and Loving
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Interpersonal Attraction
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Loving
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Interpersonal Attraction
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Positive Evaluation
Familiarity
Similarity
Physical Appearance
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Sternberg’s Theory of Love
Based on different combinations of:
 Intimacy
 Passion
 Commitment
These elements may combine to form eight
different kinds of relationships
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