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The Endocrine System Ch. 13 Endocrine Functions: Hormones Hormones Come from endocrine glands Circulate in the bloodstream Act on specific cells in the body Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Endocrine Functions: Hormones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.1 Steroid Hormone Action on a Target Cell Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.2 Nonsteroid Hormone Action on a Target Cell Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.3 Role of Negative Feedback Loops Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.4 Hypothalamus and the Anterior Pituitary Gland Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.7 Hypothalamus and the Posterior Pituitary Gland Posterior pituitary Connection to hypothalamus Hormones made in hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Hypothalamus and the Posterior Pituitary Gland Posterior pituitary hormones: nonsteroidal Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Conserves water in kidneys Regulates water balance in body Oxytocin Causes uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection through neuroendocrine reflex Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Hypothalamus and the Anterior Pituitary Gland Anterior pituitary Connection to hypothalamus Releasing and inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus travel to pituitary through pituitary portal system Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Hypothalamus and the Anterior Pituitary Gland Anterior pituitary hormones: nonsteroidal ACTH Stimulates adrenal cortex TSH Acts on thyroid gland FSH, LH, prolactin Related to control of reproductive cycles and lactation Growth hormone Has widespread effects on body Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Hormones of the Pituitary Gland Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 13.1 Pituitary Disorders Diabetes insipidus Hyposecretion of ADH, inability to conserve water appropriately Gigantism Hypersecretion of growth hormone in childhood Acromegaly Excessive growth hormone over long period in adults Pituitary dwarfism Hyposecretion of growth hormone Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Roles of Insulin and Glucagon in Regulating Blood Glucose Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.10 Pancreas: Endocrine Functions Islets of Langerhans hormones: nonsteroidal Glucagon Made by alpha cells, raises blood sugar Insulin Made by beta cells, lowers blood sugar Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Adrenal Glands: Cortex Adrenal cortex Secretion Mediated through hypothalamus-pituitary secretions Hormones: steroidal Glucocorticoids Cortisol Mineralocorticoids Aldosterone Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Adrenal Glands: Medulla Adrenal medulla Neuroendocrine organ Secretion Sympathetic nervous system Hormones: nonsteroidal Epinephrine and norepinephrine Enhance function of sympathetic nervous system (fight-or-flight response) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Adrenal Glands: Medulla Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.11 Thyroid Gland Secretion: mediated through hypothalamus–pituitary secretions Steroidal hormones Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) Both regulate production of ATP from glucose, affect metabolic rate Calcitonin Lowers blood calcium levels Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Negative Feedback Control of Thyroxine Secretion Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.13 Homeostatic Regulation of Blood Calcium Concentration Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.15a Homeostatic Regulation of Blood Calcium Concentration (cont.) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.15b Other Hormone Sources Digestive system Gastrin Secretin Cholecystokinin Kidney Erythropoietin Renin Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Disorders of the Endocrine System Diabetes mellitus Type 1 5–10% of all cases Inadequate insulin Type 2 90–95% of all cases Insulin resistance Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Disorders of the Endocrine System Thyroid Hypothyroidism Children: cretinism Adults: myxedema Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Disorders of the Endocrine System Adrenal glands Addison’s disease Failure of adrenal cortex Cortisol deficiency Cushing’s syndrome Excessive cortisol Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.