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Biotechnology AFNR – BAS – 8 How is biotechnology used in agriculture? Biotechnology • Using biological processes to get new or better plants and animals. All of the applied operations in producing food, fiber, and shelter – Synthetic Biotech – Creating life characteristics with chemicals Biotech in Agriscience • Developing and using new forms of plant and animals • Modifying plants and animals to improve their life processes • Making substances from natural biological processes • Improving the quality and kind of foods Issues in Biotech • • • • • • • • Uncertainty Dangers in new life forms Keep organisms natural Unhealthy food Harm to handlers Labeling Ethics of joining plants and animals Lack of information Two major areas of biotech • Organismic level – Organismic biotechnology deals with intact or complete organisms • Molecular Cloning • Process of asexually reproducing organisms • Plant tissue culture – propagating plants using single cells or small groups of cells • Embryo splitting – When an embryo or a few cells are split into two parts which develop into a complete animal • Apomixis – Asexually reproducing plants by seed Greater Fertility • Various methods used to increase the reproductive capacity of superior animals • Superovulation – Increasing the reproductive potential of a female • Embryo transfer – Removing an embryo from its mother and placing it in another female Increased Production • Milk hormones – Bovine somatotropin (bST) is a metabolic protein hormone used to increase milk production in dairy cows • Meat hormones – Porcine somatotropin, abbreviated as (pST), is a growth hormone naturally produced in pigs • Growth implants – Small pellets that are placed under the skin of animals Biotechnology in aquaculture • Spawning – Process of producing eggs that are fertilized with sperm from male fish • Hatching – Process of getting baby fish from fertilized eggs • Nursery Management – Caring for fry (tiny newly-hatched fish) • Sex changes – Some species of fish don’t grow well when the males and females are left together. Researchers have developed ways to change the sex of newly hatched fish • Tilapia Ultrasonics in Ag • It is used in assessing product quality and fetal development in pregnant females • Product quality – Used to assess the amount of fat on cattle and other animals • Pregnancy assessment – Can be used to determine the development of an embryo and fetus in a pregnant female • Locate fish – Ultrasonics are used to locate objects under water, such as wild fish in the ocean Improving Growth • Ammoniating hay – Low quality grass hay may be treated to make it more nutritious • Digestibility testing – May involve direct intervention in the digestive system of cattle • Controlled feeding – Improving nutrition and feeding involves careful study of animal feed consumption and growth Predicting Life • Plant growth chambers – Used to study the effects of changes in the environment on plants. • Computer simulations – Gather information to answer questions about growing the crop Molecular Biotech • Involves changing the structure and parts of cells – Cells – Various materials that direct life processes – Genomes – The heredity material in a cell – Chromosomes – Thread like parts inside a cell nucleus that contain genetic material and protein Molecular Biotech – Genes – Parts of segments of chromosomes that contain the heredity traits of organisms – Genotype – Genetic makeup of an organism – Phenotype – the appearance of an organism – Mutation – Change that naturally occurs in the genetic material of an organism Genetic Engineering • A molecular form of biotechnology • Recombinant DNA – Taking a tiny amount of DNA from one chromosome and moving it to another – Vectors carry new DNA into a cell – Ligatim – Uniting or attaching the two DNA fragments Genetic Engineering in Ag • Herbicide - resistant plants – Roundup ready cotton • Insect - resistant plants – Bollgard cotton • Disease resistant plants • Transgenic animals • Frost protection Assignment – Using the chapter and notes, write at least 2 paragraphs comparing/contrasting organic agriculture vs biotechnology. • A paragraph is 4-6 sentences