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8.L.5.1 Summarize how food
provides the energy and the
molecules required for
building materials, growth
and survival of all organisms
(to include plants).
Slide 001
8.L.5.2 Explain the relationship
among a healthy diet,
exercise, and the general health
of the body
(emphasis on the relationship
between respiration
and digestion).
Desired Understandings:
Students will understand that . . . .
Cells carry on complex chemical
processes to balance the needs of the
organism
There are two processes by which a
certain cells can grow and reproduce
The cells take in nutrients to make
energy for the work that the cells do
There is a process by which cells take in
materials that the cell or organism
need
Essential Questions:
Students will keep considering . . . .
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Am I unicellular or multicellular?
How do I take in energy?
Where does energy come from?
How can I reduce or eliminate exposure to
harmful chemicals?
How are cell division and reproduction
related
Why does nutrition play an important role in
maintaining a healthy lifestyle?
In what ways does physical activity impact
health and well‐being?
How does the media impact our choices
Key Knowledge:
Students will know . . . .
Unicellular
Cell
multicellular
photosynthesis
respiration
osmosis
diffusion
prokaryotes
eukaryotes
mitosis
meiosis
homeostasis
exposure
potency
dose
susceptibility
birth defects
concentration
organelles
Students know that:
Food provides molecules that serve as fuel and building
material for all organisms.
Plants use the energy in light to make sugars out of carbon
dioxide and water. This food can be used immediately for fuel
or materials or it may be stored for later use. Organisms that
eat plants break down the plant structures to produce the
materials and energy they need to survive. Then they are
consumed by other organisms.
• cells carry on the many functions needed to sustain life. They grow and divide (mitosis
or meiosis), thereby producing more cells. This requires that they take in nutrients,
which they use to provide energy for the work that cells do and to make the materials
that a cell or an organism needs. The way in which all cells function is similar in all
living organisms. Within cells many of the basic functions of organisms, such as
releasing energy from food and getting rid of waste, are carried out by different cell
elements.
• matter is transferred among organisms in an ecosystem when organisms eat, or are
eaten by others for food. Matter is transferred from organisms to the physical
environment when molecules from food react with oxygen to produce carbon
dioxide and water in a process called cellular respiration. Through the process of
cellular respiration, cells convert energy (glucose) to a usable form of energy (ATP).
The energy stored in ATP provides the means by which cells are able to carry out
their functions such as growth, development, and repair of organisms, locomotion
and transportation of molecules across cell membranes
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in plants and animals, molecules from food (a) react with oxygen to provide energy that is needed to
carry out life functions, (b) build and become incorporated into the body structure, or (c) are stored
for later use. (Also in Matter and Energy)
matter moves within individual organisms through a series of chemical reactions in which food is
broken down and rearranged to form new molecules.
plants use the energy from light to make sugars (food) from carbon dioxide and water. This process
transforms light energy from the sun into stored chemical energy.
minerals and other nutrients from the soil are not food (they don’t provide energy), but they are
needed for plants to make complex molecules from the sugar they make.
chemical energy is transferred from one organism in an ecosystem to another as the organisms
interact with each other for food.
the atoms that make up the organisms in an ecosystem are cycled repeatedly between the living and
nonliving parts of the ecosystem. Over a long time, matter is transferred from one organism to
another repeatedly and between organisms and their physical environment. As in all material
systems, the total amount of matter remains constant, even though its form and location change.
energy can change from one form to another in living things. Animals get energy from oxidizing
their food, releasing some of its energy as heat. Almost all food energy comes originally from
sunlight.
Food provides molecules that serve
as fuel and building material for all
organisms.
• Plants use the energy in light to make sugars
out of carbon dioxide and water. This food can
be used immediately for fuel or materials or it
may be stored for later use. Organisms that eat
plants break down the plant structures to
produce the materials and energy they need to
survive. Then they are consumed by other
organisms.
Review: CELLS
• Smallest unit of living organism!
• Cell Theory (must follow rules below to be considered ALIVE)
ALL CELLS MUST
1. Be composed of one or more cells.
2. Be the basic unit of structure, function, and
organization in all organisms.
3. Come from preexisting, living cells.
Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Bacteria
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
Two Types of Cells
•Prokaryotic
•Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
• Do not have
structures
surrounded by
membranes
• Few internal
structures
• UNI-cellular
organisms,
Bacteria
Eukaryotic
• Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
• Most living organisms
Plant
video
Animal
“Typical” Animal Cell
“Typical” Plant Cell
Cell Parts
Organelles
Surrounding the Cell
Cell Membrane
• Outer membrane of cell
that controls movement
in and out of the cell
• Double layer
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cell Wall
• Most commonly found
in plant cells &
bacteria
• Supports & protects
cells
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Inside the Cell
Nucleus
• Directs cell activities
• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane
• Contains genetic material - DNA
Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow
material to enter and
leave nucleus
Chromosomes
• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions
for traits &
characteristics
Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Contains RNA to build
proteins
Cytoplasm
• Gel-like mixture
• Surrounded by cell membrane
• Contains hereditary material
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Moves materials around
in cell
• Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
• Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface
Ribosomes
• Each cell contains
thousands
• Make proteins
• Found on ribosomes
& floating throughout
the cell
Mitochondria
• Produces energy through
chemical reactions –
breaking down fats &
carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
Golgi Bodies
• Protein 'packaging
plant'
• Move materials within
the cell
• Move materials out of
the cell
Lysosome
• Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Transports undigested
material to cell
membrane for removal
• Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes
Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound
sacs for storage,
digestion, and waste
removal
• Contains water
solution
• Help plants maintain
shape
Chloroplast
• Usually found in plant
cells
• Contains green
chlorophyll
• Where
photosynthesis takes
place
Plant vs Animal
Plant
• Triple C
Animal
• Centrioles
– Cell Wall
– Chlorolasts
– Central Vacuole
Plant Cell Crash Course: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UvlqAVCoqY
Interactives: http://www.centreofthecell.org/centre/?page_id=1&ks=3
Virtual microscope:
http://www.udel.edu/biology/ketcham/microscope/scope.html
Cell City Analogy
In a far away city called Grant City, the main export and production product is the steel widget. Everyone in the town has
something to do with steel widget making and the entire town is designed to build and export widgets. The town hall has
the instructions for widget making, widgets come in all shapes and sizes and any citizen of Grant can get the instructions and
begin making their own widgets. Widgets are generally produced in small shops around the city; these small shops can be
built by the carpenter's union (whose headquarters are in town hall).
After the widget is constructed, they are placed on special carts which can deliver the widget anywhere in the city. In order
for a widget to be exported, the carts take the widget to the postal office, where the widgets are packaged and labeled for
export. Sometimes widgets don't turn out right, and the "rejects" are sent to the scrap yard where they are broken down for
parts or destroyed altogether. The town powers the widget shops and carts from a hydraulic dam that is in the city. The entire
city is enclosed by a large wooden fence, only the postal trucks (and citizens with proper passports) are allowed outside the
city.
Match the parts of the city (underlined) with the parts of the cell.
1. Mitochondria
2. Ribosomes
3. Nucleus
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum
5. Golgi Apparatus
6. Protein
7. Cell Membrane
8. Lysosomes
9. Nucleolus
QUIZ
Cellular Transport
• The cell membrane allows certain particles
in or out.
• To understand how transport works, you
must understand the structure of the cell
membrane:
Quick Review:
ENERGY
• Energy is the capacity to do work. It is the
flow of energy that makes the work of life
(metabolism) possible. From the smallest
unit of life—the cell—to the largest
organism, all living things obtain, modify,
expend, and release energy and in doing
so adhere to very explicit energy laws of
the universe.
manuf molecules in cells
Energy = Life!
• All living organisms MUST have energy to
live!
• How do they get this energy?
FOOD!!!
Plant Food vs Animal Food
Plants = AUTOtrophs
• An organism capable of
making nutritive organic
molecules from inorganic
sources
via photosynthesis
(involving light energy)
or chemosynthesis (involv
ing chemical energy).
• AKA Producers
• So…AUTO (=self) means
make own food!
Animals = HETEROtrophs
• An organism that is
unable to synthesize its
own organic carbonbased compounds from in
organic sources, thus
feeds on organic matter
produced by, or available
in, other organisms.
• So HETERO (=different)
means food from other
sources!
Heterotrophs
• Heterotrophs are the consumers in
the food chain, particularly
the herbivores, carnivores and omnivores.
• All animals, some fungi and
most bacteria are heterotrophs. They are
not capable of producing their own food.
• Therefore, they obtain
their energy requirements by feeding
on organic matter or another organism.
Autotrophs
So what type of Energy does
‘food’ produce?
• In BOTH plants AND animals ‘food’ is
converted to the simplest form of sugar
possible…
GLUCOSE
C6H12O6
How the Body breaks it down!
Glucose is carried to
all parts of the body
and utilized as
ENERGY!
Low/High Blood Sugar!
Diabetes!
Process by which plants make food…or GLUCOSE!
Photosynthesis
Green plants (producers) can use light energy to make their own food
This process is called photosynthesis
Green plants are green because they contain a chemical called chlorophyll.
This chemical is used to trap light energy.
Chlorophyll is contained in the chloroplasts of plant cells
Light energy is used to change carbon dioxide and water into starch and
oxygen
The word equation for photosynthesis is
Carbon dioxide
+ water
video
Awesome Animation
starch + oxygen
http://www.neok12.com/diagram/Photosynt
hesis-01.htm
Cellular Respiration
• Process by which heterotrophs take
digested ‘food’ into glucose and
utilize/break down for energy.
• Occurs in mitochondria of BOTH plant and
animal cells!
• Involves 3 major steps:
– Glycolysis
– Kreb (Calvin) Cycle
– ETC
Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cf
GuQ
ATP Demo:
http://www.biologyinmotion.com/
atp/index.html
In your ISN:
Every living thing has to take in energy in order to expend
energy. Depending on whether the organism is an autotroph or a
heterotroph, the way that this energy is taken in can vary. This energy
also changes form every time an organism creates or ingests it.
In at least 5 whole and complete sentences:
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Explain the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph
Define photosynthesis and give the equation for it
Define cellular respiration and give the equation for it
Explain the difference between potential and kinetic energy and
how during the process of energy usage, energy changes from one
type to another.
Photosynthesis/Respiration
• Complete the provided review sheet and
paste into your ISN
• Illuminating Photosynthesis Interactive and
Webquest:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/photosynthesis.html
The role of the cell
Cellular Metabolism Interactive
Cellular Resp and Photosynthesis
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