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Objective 4: Describe organisms in
the six-kingdom of classification
system by their characteristics.
Recognize genus and species as
components (parts) of a scientific
name.
Identify contributions of Aristotle and
Linnaeus to the early history of
taxonomy (science of naming &
classifying organisms).
Why learn this?
Based on Aristotle, it was once
thought that there were only 2
kingdoms: plants & animals.
Over 500,000 new species have been
discovered since 1978.
As DNA testing improves, a new
classification system may develop.
Why Do Scientists Classify?
Over 1 million organisms known & counting
Classification is the process of arranging
organisms into groups based on similarities.
Biologists use classification to organize living
things into groups so organisms are easier to
study.
Taxonomy is the science of naming and
classifying organisms.
Binomial Nomenclature: the naming
system of Linnaeus
1750s Swedish naturalist Carolus
Linnaeus devised a system of naming
organisms that is still used today.
Based it on his observations & gave
each organism a 2-part name, thus,
binomial, meaning “two parts”
Binomial Nomenclature
Scientists around the world use this
system to identify all living organisms.
It assigns the Latin words Genus
(capitalized) and species
(lowercased) name as the scientific
name. Both are written in Italics.
Example: Homo sapiens
Comprehension Check?
What is binomial nomenclature?
What is a scientific name?
What is taxonomy?
Why classify anything?
Levels of Classification
Today’s system is based on Linnaeus’s
contributions but is much more advanced
with many more levels.
Example: How would I find out how many
students live on the continent of North America,
in the United States, in Alabama, in Mobile
County, in Mobile, in my neighborhood, on my
street, and attend my school?
There are 8 levels currently:
Domain, Kingdom, Phyla (Phylum), Classes,
Orders, Families, Genera (Genus), and Species
Pneumonic for remembering the
levels of classification:
D: _____________
K: _____________
P: _____________
C: _____________
O: _____________
F: _____________
G: _____________
S: _____________
Dominant (Domain)
Kings (Kingdom)
Play (Phyla)
Chess (Class)
On (Order)
Fine (Family)
Grained (Genus)
Sand (Species)
Levels of Classification
Organisms are put into a broad group
and then each group is further divided
as it becomes more specific.
The more levels of classification that
2 organisms share the more
characteristics they have in common.
Example of classification levels
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
– Class: Mammalia
» Order: Primates
» Family: Hominidae
» Genus: Homo
» Species: sapiens
Domains and Kingdoms
3 Domains with kingdoms within them
Organisms are put into domains &
kingdoms based on 3 things:
Cell type: prokaryotes or eukaryotes
Ability to make food: heterotroph or
autotroph
Number of cells in bodies: unicellular (1 cell)
or multicellular (many cells)
3 Domains
Bacteria: prokaryotes (no nucleus),
autotrophic or heterotrophic, microscopic
Archaea (Archeabacteria): prokaryotes (no
nucleus), autotrophic or heterotrophic;
microscopic; no cell walls; extreme
environments (hot, cold, salty, acidic)
Eurkarya: eukaryotes, nucleus; in 4
kingdoms—protists, fungi, plants, or
animals
Domain: Eurkarya, Kingdom:
Protista (the protists)
CANNOT be classified as plant, animal, or
fungus
“odds and ends” kingdom
Mainly unicellular others multicellular, so it
is usually referred to as singlecelled/unicellular
Classified by the way they get energy-some autotrophs others heterotrophs
Examples of Protists
Euglena:
use flagella
to move
Amoeba:
Use pseudopods
(false feet; cytoplasmic
Extensions to move)
Examples of Protists
Paramecium
Use cilia to
move
Seaweed: float
Plant-like protists: diatoms
Plant like protists: algae
Protist-like plants: Algae, the
solution to fuel crisis
Algae produce biodiesel.
http://www.greenstrides.com/2008/04/01/algae-could-prove-to-be-the-bestbiofuel/
Algae and the fuel crisis: large scale
algae farm/wastewater treatment facility
http://inhabitat.com/researchers-use-algae-to-treat-wastewater-andgenerate-biofuel/
Plant like protists: Dinoflagellates
The culprits behind
toxic red tide events.
Fungus like protists: slime mold
Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Fungi
Multicellular eukaryotes except yeasts
which are unicellullar
Heterotrophs, can act as
decomposers
Absorb nutrients to get energy
Cell walls present
Reproduce using spores
Examples: molds, yeasts, mushrooms
Fungi Examples
Yeast (Candida albicans)
Fungi Examples
Bread mold, Rhizopus, the happy
accident of penicillin
Examples of Fungal Spores
Mushroom spores
Toxic molds: Stachybotrys
chartarum or Stachybotrys atra
Domain: Eurkarya, Kingdom: Plantae
Eukaryotic, multicellular w/cell walls &
choloroplasts (photosynthesis)
Autotrophic—they are producers
Cell wall made from cellulose—the crunchy
stuff you taste in celery & lettuce
Fixed in place, don’t move—they are
sessile
Example of plant: “angel trumpets”
Domain: Eukarya,Kingdom:
Animalia
Multicellular
Advanced nervous system that allows
them to respond to environment
Reproduce sexually or asexually
Highly mobile
Heterotrophic—they are consumers
Interdependent on other organisms
Example of animal: Zdonk
Zdonk
Cross b/w
Donkey & zebra