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Is this all you need to know about plants? AP Biology Adaptations for acquiring resources were key steps in the evolution of vascular plants. Gathers sunlight, CO2 Mine soil for water, minerals; Anchor point AP Biology Support leaves, conduit for water, nutrient transport Mycorrhizae associate with root system to aid in mineral, water absorption Big Ideas 2.A.1) All living systems require constant input of free energy. 2.A.2) Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes. 2.A.3) Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization. Illustrative Examples: -Mycorrhizae & Root Symbiosis -Bacteria & Root Symbiosis -Aquaporin and Water Intake -Casparian Strip & Water, Mineral Intake AP Biology © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Mix & Match Review: Ch. 36.1-2 Hypertonic Hypotonic Aquaporins Plasmolysis 1. 2. 3. 4. Cotransport/Neutral solutes Cotransport/Ionic solutes Proton pump Ion Channels AP Biology © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 2, 8 Mycorrhizae Transpiration Stomata Source-Sink 1, 7 1. 2. 3. 4. Key Points 1) A vascular plant depends upon water, dissolved mineral ions, and organic compounds to sustain its cells, tissues, and “organ systems”. 2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil. 3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which gives rise to transpiration pull. 4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO2. This is a necessary balance of life. 5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation and gas exchange. AP Biology A AP Biology Physiological adaptation Dogs pee on trees…Why don’t trees pee on dogs? NH3 animal waste AP Biology plant nutrient Nutritional needs Autotrophic does not mean autonomous plants need… sun as an energy source inorganic compounds as raw materials water (H2O) CO2 minerals AP Biology AP Biology Macronutrients Plants require these nutrients in relatively large amounts AP Biology C, H, N, O, P, S, K, Mg, Ca For what & from where? C macromolecule synthesis CO2 O macromolecule synthesis CO2 H macromolecule synthesis & proton pumps H2O N protein & nucleic acid synthesis soil P nucleic acids, ATP, phospholipids soil K stomate control, water balance soil Ca cell wall & membrane structure, regulation soil Mg chlorophyll soil S proteins, enzymes soil AP Biology Micronutrients Plants require in very small amounts Cl, Fe, Mn, Bo, Zi, Ni, Mb primarily cofactors for enzyme function AP Biology Magnesium deficiency Symptoms Take 2 fertilizer pellets & call me in the morning chlorosis = yellowing of leaves Why? What is magnesium’s function? AP Biology Chlorophyll Why does magnesium deficiency cause chlorosis? The chlorosis shows up in older leaves first, because plant moves + to newer leaves. Why? Mg AP Biology Key Points 1) A vascular plant depends upon water, dissolved mineral ions, and organic compounds to sustain its cells, tissues, and “organ systems”. 2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil. 3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which gives rise to transpiration pull. 4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO2. This is a necessary balance of life. 5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation and gas exchange. AP Biology Key Points 2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil. AP Biology Importance of organic matter Topsoil most important to plant growth rich in organic matter So don’t rake your lawn or bag your leaves humus decomposing organic material breakdown of dead organisms, feces, fallen leaves & other organic refuse by bacteria & fungi improves soil texture reservoir of minerals organisms 1 tsp. of topsoil has ~5 billion bacteria living with fungi, algae, protists, insects, earthworms, nematodes AP Biology Fertilizers “Organic” fertilizers manure, compost, fishmeal “Chemical” fertilizers commercially manufactured N-P-K (ex. 15-10-5) 15% nitrogen 10% phosphorus 5% potassium AP Biology What are the political, economic, environmental issues? Nitrogen uptake Nitrates plants can only take up nitrate (NO3-) Nitrogen cycle by bacteria trace path of nitrogen fixation! root AP Biology What will the plant use N for? Soybean root nodules N fixation by Rhizobium bacteria AP Biology symbiotic relationship with bean family (legumes) Mycorrhizae increase absorption Symbiotic relationship between fungi & plant AP Biology symbiotic fungi greatly increases surface area for absorption of water & minerals increases volume of soil reached by plant increases transport to host plant Mycorrhizae AP Biology Figure 36.7 AP Biology Water & mineral absorption Water absorption from soil osmosis aquaporins Mineral absorption active transport proton pumps active transport of H+ aquaporin root hair AP Biology proton pumps H2O Mineral absorption Proton pumps active transport of H+ ions out of cell chemiosmosis H+ gradient creates membrane potential difference in charge drives cation uptake creates gradient cotransport of other solutes against their gradient AP Biology Key Points 1) A vascular plant depends upon water, dissolved mineral ions, and organic compounds to sustain its cells, tissues, and “organ systems”. 2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil. 3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which gives rise to transpiration pull. 4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO2. This is a necessary balance of life. 5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation and gas exchange. AP Biology Mix & Match Review I 1. Mycorrhizae 2. Water potential 3. Transpiration 4. Calvin cycle 5. Hydrogen bonding 6. Transpiration Pull 7. Phloem loading 8. Hypertonic 9. PS II, PS I 10. N fixation (N2NO3-) 11. Mg/Fe AP Biology 1 2 3 AP Biology • • • • • • 1 2 AP Biology 3 4 Water Ions (H+, K+) Minerals Gases Toxic metals Various solutes Three Water Pathways AP Biology Water flow through root Porous cell wall water can flow through cell wall route & not enter cells plant needs to force water into cells Casparian strip AP Biology Endodermis & Casparian strip AP Biology Controlling the route of water in root Endodermis cell layer surrounding vascular cylinder of root lined with impermeable Casparian strip forces fluid through selective cell membrane filtered & forced into xylem cells Aaaah… Structure–Function yet again! AP Biology Key Points 1) A vascular plant depends upon water, dissolved mineral ions, and organic compounds to sustain its cells, tissues, and “organ systems”. 2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil. 3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which gives rise to transpiration pull. 4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO2. This is a necessary balance of life. 5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation and gas exchange. AP Biology Key Points 3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which gives rise to transpiration pull. AP Biology Transport in plants H2O & minerals transport in xylem transpiration evaporation, adhesion & cohesion negative pressure Sugars transport in phloem bulk flow Calvin cycle in leaves loads sucrose into phloem positive pressure Gas exchange photosynthesis CO2 in; O2 out stomates AP Biology respiration O2 in; CO2 out roots exchange gases within air spaces in soil Why does over-watering kill a plant? Ascent of xylem fluid Transpiration pull generated by leaf AP Biology Key Points 1) A vascular plant depends upon water, dissolved mineral ions, and organic compounds to sustain its cells, tissues, and “organ systems”. 2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil. 3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which gives rise to transpiration pull. 4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO2. This is a necessary balance of life. 5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation and gas exchange. AP Biology Key Points 4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO2. This is a necessary balance of life. AP Biology Control of transpiration Balancing stomate function always a compromise between photosynthesis & transpiration leaf may transpire more than its weight in water in a day…this loss must be balanced with plant’s need for CO2 for photosynthesis AP Biology Key Points 1) A vascular plant depends upon water, dissolved mineral ions, and organic compounds to sustain its cells, tissues, and “organ systems”. 2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil. 3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which gives rise to transpiration pull. 4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO2. This is a necessary balance of life. 5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation and gas exchange. AP Biology Key Points 5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation and gas exchange. AP Biology Regulatory Factors Day-Night Cycle Light-Intensity Levels CO2 concentration Atmospheric Humidity or Internal Water Levels AP Biology Regulating Stomatal Openings B A C AP Biology D Control of Stomates Guard cell Epidermal cell Uptake of K+ ions by guard cells proton pumps water enters by osmosis guard cells become turgid H2O K+ H2O K+ Loss of K+ ions Nucleus Chloroplasts H2O K+ H2O K+ K+ H2O K+ H2O K+ H2O K+ H2O Thickened inner cell wall (rigid) by guard cells AP Biology water leaves by osmosis H2O K+ guard cells become flaccid H2O K+ H2O K+ H2O K+ Stoma open Stoma closed water moves into guard cells water moves out of guard cells Mix & Match Review II 1. 2. 3. 4. CO2 concentration Light intensity Stomate K+ 1. 2. 3. 4. Casparian strip Transpiration pull CO2 concentration Osmosis 1. 2. 3. 4. Chemiosmosis Transpiration pull CO2 concentration Stomate AP Biology Key Points 1) A vascular plant depends upon water, dissolved mineral ions, and organic compounds to sustain its cells, tissues, and “organ systems”. 2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil. 3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which gives rise to transpiration pull. 4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO2. This is a necessary balance of life. 5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation and gas exchange. AP Biology