Download Ch. 36 Lecture Plant_Nutrition_Transport_Lecture

Is this all you
need to know
about plants?
AP Biology
Adaptations for acquiring resources were key steps in the
evolution of vascular plants.
Gathers sunlight, CO2
Mine soil for water, minerals;
Anchor point
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Support leaves, conduit for
water, nutrient transport
Mycorrhizae associate with root system
to aid in mineral, water absorption
Big Ideas
 2.A.1) All living systems require constant input of


free energy.
2.A.2) Organisms capture and store free energy
for use in biological processes.
2.A.3) Organisms must exchange matter with the
environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain
organization.
Illustrative Examples:
-Mycorrhizae & Root Symbiosis
-Bacteria & Root Symbiosis
-Aquaporin and Water Intake
-Casparian Strip & Water, Mineral Intake
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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mix & Match Review: Ch. 36.1-2
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Aquaporins
Plasmolysis
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cotransport/Neutral solutes
Cotransport/Ionic solutes
Proton pump
Ion Channels
AP Biology
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
1.
2.
3.
4.
2, 8
Mycorrhizae
Transpiration
Stomata
Source-Sink
1, 7
1.
2.
3.
4.
Key Points
1) A vascular plant depends upon water, dissolved mineral
ions, and organic compounds to sustain its cells, tissues, and
“organ systems”.
2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure the
uptake of nutrients and water from the soil.
3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which
gives rise to transpiration pull.
4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO2. This is a
necessary balance of life.
5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation and
gas exchange.
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A
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Physiological adaptation
Dogs pee on trees…Why don’t trees pee on dogs?
NH3
animal waste
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plant nutrient
Nutritional needs
 Autotrophic does not
mean autonomous

plants need…
 sun as an energy source
 inorganic compounds
as raw materials
 water (H2O)
 CO2
 minerals
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Macronutrients
 Plants require these nutrients in
relatively large amounts

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C, H, N, O, P, S, K, Mg, Ca
For what & from where?
C
macromolecule synthesis
CO2
O
macromolecule synthesis
CO2
H
macromolecule synthesis & proton pumps
H2O
N
protein & nucleic acid synthesis
soil
P
nucleic acids, ATP, phospholipids
soil
K
stomate control, water balance
soil
Ca
cell wall & membrane structure, regulation
soil
Mg
chlorophyll
soil
S
proteins, enzymes
soil
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Micronutrients
 Plants require in very small amounts
Cl, Fe, Mn, Bo, Zi, Ni, Mb
 primarily cofactors for enzyme function

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Magnesium deficiency
 Symptoms
Take 2
fertilizer pellets
& call me in
the morning
chlorosis = yellowing of leaves
 Why? What is magnesium’s function?

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Chlorophyll
Why does magnesium
deficiency cause chlorosis?
The chlorosis shows up in older
leaves first, because plant moves
+ to newer leaves. Why?
Mg
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Key Points
1) A vascular plant depends upon water, dissolved mineral ions,
and organic compounds to sustain its cells, tissues, and “organ
systems”.
2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure
the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil.
3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which
gives rise to transpiration pull.
4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO2. This is a
necessary balance of life.
5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation and
gas exchange.
AP Biology
Key Points
2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic
organisms, ensure the uptake of nutrients and water
from the soil.
AP Biology
Importance of organic matter
 Topsoil
most important to plant growth
 rich in organic matter

So don’t rake
your lawn or
bag your leaves
 humus
 decomposing organic material
breakdown of dead organisms, feces, fallen
leaves & other organic refuse by bacteria &
fungi
 improves soil texture
 reservoir of minerals


organisms
 1 tsp. of topsoil has ~5 billion bacteria
living with fungi, algae, protists, insects,
earthworms, nematodes
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Fertilizers
 “Organic” fertilizers

manure, compost, fishmeal
 “Chemical” fertilizers
commercially manufactured
 N-P-K (ex. 15-10-5)

 15% nitrogen
 10% phosphorus
 5% potassium
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What are the
political, economic,
environmental
issues?
Nitrogen uptake
 Nitrates
plants can only take up nitrate (NO3-)
 Nitrogen cycle by bacteria
 trace path of nitrogen fixation!

root
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What will the plant use N for?
Soybean root nodules
 N fixation by Rhizobium bacteria

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symbiotic relationship with bean
family (legumes)
Mycorrhizae increase absorption
 Symbiotic relationship between fungi & plant



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symbiotic fungi greatly increases surface area for
absorption of water & minerals
increases volume of soil reached by plant
increases transport to host plant
Mycorrhizae
AP Biology
Figure 36.7
AP Biology
Water & mineral absorption
 Water absorption from soil
osmosis
 aquaporins

 Mineral absorption
active transport
 proton pumps

 active transport of
H+
aquaporin
root hair
AP Biology
proton
pumps
H2O
Mineral absorption
 Proton pumps

active transport of H+ ions out of cell
 chemiosmosis
 H+ gradient

creates membrane
potential
 difference in charge
 drives cation uptake

creates gradient
 cotransport of other
solutes against their
gradient
AP Biology
Key Points
1) A vascular plant depends upon water, dissolved mineral ions,
and organic compounds to sustain its cells, tissues, and “organ
systems”.
2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure the
uptake of nutrients and water from the soil.
3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which
gives rise to transpiration pull.
4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO2. This is a
necessary balance of life.
5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation and
gas exchange.
AP Biology
Mix & Match Review I
1. Mycorrhizae
2. Water potential
3. Transpiration
4. Calvin cycle
5. Hydrogen bonding
6. Transpiration Pull
7. Phloem loading
8. Hypertonic
9. PS II, PS I
10. N fixation (N2NO3-)
11. Mg/Fe
AP Biology
1
2
3
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•
•
•
•
•
•
1
2
AP Biology
3
4
Water
Ions (H+, K+)
Minerals
Gases
Toxic metals
Various solutes
Three Water Pathways
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Water flow through root
 Porous cell wall
water can flow through cell wall route &
not enter cells
 plant needs to force water into cells

Casparian strip
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Endodermis &
Casparian strip
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Controlling the route of water in root
 Endodermis



cell layer surrounding vascular cylinder of root
lined with impermeable Casparian strip
forces fluid through selective cell membrane
 filtered & forced into xylem cells
Aaaah…
Structure–Function
yet again!
AP Biology
Key Points
1) A vascular plant depends upon water, dissolved mineral ions,
and organic compounds to sustain its cells, tissues, and “organ
systems”.
2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure the
uptake of nutrients and water from the soil.
3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which
gives rise to transpiration pull.
4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO2. This is a
necessary balance of life.
5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation and
gas exchange.
AP Biology
Key Points
3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via
transpiration, which gives rise to transpiration pull.
AP Biology
Transport in plants
 H2O & minerals


transport in xylem
transpiration
 evaporation, adhesion & cohesion
 negative pressure
 Sugars


transport in phloem
bulk flow
 Calvin cycle in leaves loads sucrose into phloem
 positive pressure
 Gas exchange

photosynthesis
 CO2 in; O2 out
 stomates

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respiration
 O2 in; CO2 out
 roots exchange gases within air spaces in soil
Why does
over-watering
kill a plant?
Ascent of xylem fluid
Transpiration pull generated by leaf
AP Biology
Key Points
1) A vascular plant depends upon water, dissolved mineral
ions, and organic compounds to sustain its cells, tissues, and
“organ systems”.
2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure the
uptake of nutrients and water from the soil.
3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which
gives rise to transpiration pull.
4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO2. This is
a necessary balance of life.
5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation and
gas exchange.
AP Biology
Key Points
4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain
CO2. This is a necessary balance of life.
AP Biology
Control of transpiration
 Balancing stomate function

always a compromise between
photosynthesis & transpiration
 leaf may transpire more than its weight in
water in a day…this loss must be balanced
with plant’s need for CO2 for photosynthesis
AP Biology
Key Points
1) A vascular plant depends upon water, dissolved mineral ions,
and organic compounds to sustain its cells, tissues, and “organ
systems”.
2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure the
uptake of nutrients and water from the soil.
3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which
gives rise to transpiration pull.
4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO2. This is a
necessary balance of life.
5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation
and gas exchange.
AP Biology
Key Points
5) Stomata control the balance between water
conservation and gas exchange.
AP Biology
Regulatory Factors




Day-Night Cycle
Light-Intensity Levels
CO2 concentration
Atmospheric Humidity or Internal Water Levels
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Regulating Stomatal Openings
B
A
C
AP Biology
D
Control of Stomates
Guard cell
Epidermal cell
 Uptake of K+ ions
by guard cells



proton pumps
water enters by
osmosis
guard cells
become turgid
H2O
K+
H2O
K+
 Loss of K+ ions
Nucleus
Chloroplasts
H2O
K+
H2O
K+
K+
H2O
K+
H2O
K+
H2O
K+
H2O
Thickened inner
cell wall (rigid)
by guard cells


AP Biology
water leaves by
osmosis
H2O
K+
guard cells
become flaccid
H2O
K+
H2O
K+
H2O
K+
Stoma open
Stoma closed
water moves
into guard cells
water moves out
of guard cells
Mix & Match Review II
1.
2.
3.
4.
CO2 concentration
Light intensity
Stomate
K+
1.
2.
3.
4.
Casparian strip
Transpiration pull
CO2 concentration
Osmosis
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chemiosmosis
Transpiration pull
CO2 concentration
Stomate
AP Biology
Key Points
1) A vascular plant depends upon water, dissolved mineral
ions, and organic compounds to sustain its cells, tissues, and
“organ systems”.
2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure
the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil.
3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which
gives rise to transpiration pull.
4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO2. This is
a necessary balance of life.
5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation
and gas exchange.
AP Biology