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Classification of Living Things Carolus Linnaeus A Swedish scientist that founded the science of taxonomy. Taxonomy Is the science of naming and classifying organisms. Why do scientists classify living things? To make it easier to organize, find, and share information and eliminate confusion. Classification The division of organisms into groups, or classes, based on their characteristics. Classifying The more levels shared, the more organisms have in common. As you move down, there are fewer kinds of organisms in each group, but organism look similar and have more in common with one another. How do scientists group living things? Similarities Differences Characteristics Levels Binomial nomenclature the system of assigning two-part Latin or Latinized scientific names to plants, animals, and microorganisms, with the first word denoting the genus and the second the species. Scientists around the world use the system of binomial nomenclature to identify all living organism. This system assigns the Latin words as the scientific name. Scientific name The system that assigns the Latin words genus (capitalized) and species (lowercase) The first part of an organism’s scientific name is Genus and the second part is Species. Together these two names identify one kinds of organism. House Cat genus: Felis Species: domesticus Human Homo sapien African Elephant Loxdonta africana Mountain lion Felis concolor Kingdom classification For a long time, all life on Earth was divided into five kingdoms. Now many scientists say there are six kingdoms. They have divided the first kingdom into two separate groups. Every living thing is classified into one of six kingdoms. The kingdom is the largest group and is broken down into different groups that helps us to identify an animal. Let’s look at these groups. Levels of Classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species K-king P-Phillip C-came O-over F-for G-great S-spaghetti Kingdom Largest group or level of classification Organized according to certain traits The Six Kingdoms Kingdoms Animal Plant Protist Fungus Archaebacteria Eubacteria 6 Kingdoms Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Kingdom Cell Type Cell # Feeding Type Cell Wall Archaebacteria Prokaryote Unicellular Autotroph Yes Eubacteria Prokaryote Unicellular Both Yes Protista Eukaryote Most Unicellular Both Yes & NO Fungi Eukaryote both Heterotroph Yes Plantae Eukaryote Multicellular Autotroph Yes Animalia Eukaryote Multicellular Heterotroph NO Archaebacteria( ancient ) Has one cell/prokaryotic Has no nucleus Makes its own food/autotroph They do not have cell walls The term archae means ancient Some move from place to place Extremophile: Lives in extreme environments (hot, cold, salty and acidic) Autotroph able to manufacture nutrients: describes organisms, especially green plants, that are capable of making nutrients from inorganic materials. Types of archeabacteria Methanogens- Produce methane and die if exposed to oxygen. Halophiles- live in very salty lakes and ponds. Thermophiles- live in extreme heat or cold. Halophiles/thermophiles A boiling hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. The orange-red coloration is caused by dense colonies of photosynthetic cyanobacteria Eubacteria (true) Has one cell/prokaryotic Has no nucleus Makes or obtains own food(can be considered heterotrophic or autotrophic) Live in neutral conditions Some move from place to place Contains all prokaryotic cells except archaebacteria Known as decomposers They may be helpful or harmful Heterotroph getting nutrients through food digestion: obtaining nourishment by digesting plant or animal matter, as animals do, as opposed to photosynthesizing food, as plants do E. coli Protista Kingdom Mostly one-celled eukaryotic organisms Makes or obtains own food Classified by the way they obtain energy Some move from place to place Protozoa Cilia microscopic hairlike appendage for movement. Paramecium/uses cilia for movement Contractile vacuole membrane-bound organelle found in certain protists that periodically expands, filling with water, and then contracts, expelling its contents to the cell exterior. Euglena/uses flagella for movement Flagella A long,whip-like extension of certain cells or unicellular organisms that functions as an organ of locomotion. Amoeba/uses pseudopods for movement Pseudopods A temporary foot-like extension of a onecelled organism used for moving about and for surrounding and taking in food. Protists The three groups of protists are: Fungus –like Plant-like Animal-like Algae Fungi eukaryotic heterotrophs that can act as decomposers. The kingdom includes mushrooms, mold, and yeasts. All fungi except yeast are multicellular. Fungi obtain energy by absorbing materials. Fungi have no chloroplasts, but do have cell walls. Fungi Fungi can be very helpful and delicious Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi Penicillin Fungi Fungi also causes a number of plant and animal diseases: •Athlete's Foot Fungi Ringworm Fungus Kingdom Has one or many cells Has a nucleus/eukaryotic Absorbs food/heterotroph Cannot move from place to place sessile Do not have chloroplasts or cell walls Reproduce by spores Spore asexual reproductive structure: a small, usually one-celled reproductive structure produced by seedless plants, algae, fungi, and some protozoans that is capable of developing into a new organism. Spores Examples of fungi are mushrooms, molds and yeast. Slime mold Mold Molds Yeast small single-celled fungus: a small single-celled fungus that ferments sugars and other carbohydrates and reproduces by budding. Genus Saccharomyces. Plant Kingdom Has many cells/multicellular Has a nucleus/eukaryotic Makes its own food using chloroplasts /autotrophic Has a cell wall made of cellulose Cannot move from place to place/sessile Autotroph able to manufacture nutrients: describes organisms, especially green plants, that are capable of making nutrients from inorganic materials. Photosynthesis carbohydrate production using light and chlorophyll: a process by which green plants and other organisms turn carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen, using light energy trapped by chlorophyll. Producers organism that makes its food: an organism that manufactures its own food from simple inorganic substances, e.g. a green plant They are plants. Animal Kingdom Has many cells/multicellular Has a nucleus/eukaryotic Does not make own food/heterotrophic Moves from place to place/highly mobile Has a advance nervous system to respond to the environment Reproduce sexually or asexually Interdependent on other organisms/consumers
