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1. Explain the role of FLUIDS in hearing and balance: Hearing Fluids must be stirred to stimulate the receptors of the ear. Balance Fluids help us to maintain balance, just like a carpenter’s level indicates when things are level. 2. What happens if the fluids in our ear are disturbed? We lose our balance and become dizzy. 3. Label the following parts of the ear: 4. Describe the following structures of the Outer Ear: Outer Ear Composed of the Pinna and the external auditory canal. Pinna Outside part – shell shaped structure surrounding the auditory canal, collects sound waves. External Auditory Canal A short narrow chamber carved into the Temporal bone of the skull. Ceruminous glands Glands in the wall of the auditory canal – secrete ear wax Cerumen .Ear wax Tympanic membrane .Eardrum – vibrates when it is struck by sound waves rolling down the auditory canal. 5. Describe the parts of the Middle ear: Middle Ear .AKA: Tympanic cavity. Small air filled cavity within the temporal bone. Oval Window .Opening into the Inner ear, receives vibrations from the stapes. Round Window .Allows the release of hydraulic pressure of lymph that is caused by the vibration of the stapes within the oval window. Auditory tube .Tube that connects the middle ear to the throat. Normally flat, yawning or swallowing will open it and stabilize middle ear pressure. Ossicles .Group name of the three small bones of the middle ear which transmits vibrations to the fluids of the inner ear. Malleus AKA: Hammer Receives vibrations from eardrum, and transfers the vibration to the Incus. Incus .AKA: Anvil Receives vibrations from malleus, and transmits the vibration to the stapes. Stapes .AKA: Stirrup Receives vibrations from the incus, and transfers to the oval window. 6. Identify the structures of the Inner Ear: Inner Ear A maze of bony chambers called the osseous or bony labyrinth. Located deep within the temporal bone, and just behind the eye socket. Cochlea .A traveling wave pattern enters the cochlea, vibration is translated into neural impulse! Vestibule .Sense organ of balance. Provides information on which way is up and down. Semicircular Canals .Balance organs that respond to angular or rotatory movements of the head. Motion sickness is an overload of the semicircular canals. Perilymph .A plasma like fluid that fills the spaces in the inner ear. Membranous labyrinth A system of membrane sacs that follow the shape of the bony labyrinth. Endolymph .A thick fluid that fills the interior of the membranous labyrinth. 7. Explain the mechanism for hearing: a.Pinna collects sound waves. b. Auditory canal transfers the vibration to the eardrum in the middle ear. c. Three small bones amplifies and transfers the vibration. d) Oval window transfers vibrations to the cochlea. e) Hair cells within the organ of Corti within the cochlea are stimulated. f) Hair cells transmits nervous impulse to the cochlea nerve which carries the signal to the brain. 8. Explain white noise: Sounds that we are used to, and no longer respond to. 9. Why is hearing considered a “Stubborn” sense? Hearing is the last sense to leave our awareness when we fall asleep, receive anesthesia, or die. It is also the first one back when we wake up. 10. Define STATIC EQUILIBRIUM and EXPLAIN how it is maintained: Define: STATIC Equilibrium Balancing the head when the body is not moving. Keeps the head erect. A. Within the Vestibule are receptors called “MACULAE” B. Each macula is a patch of receptor cells with the “hairs” embedded in a jelly-like material called the OTHOLITHIC MEMBRANE. C. Within the otholitic membrane are otholiths (Tiny Ca Stones) D. As the head moves, the otholiths roll in response to changes in the pull of gravity. E. This causes the gel to slide over the hair cells which sends a signal to the brain telling it the position of the head in space. 11. Define Dynamic Equilibrium Receptors found in the semi circular canals respond to angular or rotatory motion of the head. Explain how dynamic equilibrium is maintained: A Within the semi-circular canals are receptors Crista ampullaris. called the B Each christa ampullaris is a cluster of hair cells projecting into a gelatenous cap called the CUPULA. c When your head turns in an angular motion, inertia causes the endolymph to push the cupula and to bend the hair cells. D This bending causes impulse transmission that maintains dynamic equilibrium. 12.What is deafness? Hearing loss of any degree. 13. Explain Conduction deafness. a- deafness that occurs when something interferes with the conduction of sound vibrations to the fluids of the inner ear. SIMPLE A build up of ear wax. Complex The fusion of the three small bones, or maybe a ruptured ear drum. 14. Explain Sensorineural deafness: a Nerve damage b Will result from listening to excessively loud sounds. 15. Explain the use of HEARING AIDS. Which type of of deafness can benefit from hearing aids? Explain Hearing aids cause the temporal bone to vibrate. Which type of deafness Can benefit from hearing Aids and why: Hearing aids will help conductive deafness, but, there is no help for hearing loss due to nerve damage. 16. List some symptoms of equilibrium problems NAUSEA DIZZINESS CAN’T MAINTAIN BALANCE 1.What are Chemoreceptors? Receptors that respond to chemicals in solution. Ex. Taste buds and olfactory receptors in the nose. 2. What makes up our appreciation of flavors? Taste receptors + Smell receptors Integrated Blend In the brain as ONE signal! Describe the location of the olfactory receptors: The thousands of olfactory receptors are located in a postage stamp size area in the roof of each nasal cavity. 4. Describe the olfactory neurons. a- Equipped with long projections called CILIA. b- Coated with good ole NASAL MUCUS. c- Chemicals in the air MUST dissolve in the nasal mucus, THEN they are picked up by the olfactory neurons. 5. Explain why SMOKERS have a REDUCED sense of smell: Tars and other pollutants clog up the nasal mucus. Odors cannot dissolve in the tar/mucus clods. 6. How should you clean your nasal cavity and why is this important? How a- Use a firmly attached cotton swab and hydrogen peroxide. b- Put a little hydrogen peroxide on the swab, then gently dig all of the crap out. How deep? As long as it is not painful, go for it. Why? Fresh mucus will be secreted, then your sense of smell will get better. 7. What is meant by an “Odor – Snapshot”? a- Caused by dendrite growth and association pathways. b- Certain smells are associated with certain things, people, or places. 8.What does the word “TASTE” mean? “To touch, estimate, or judge.” 9. What are taste buds? Where are they located? Taste buds are taste receptors. They are found on the tongue, upper palate, and inner jaw. POP’S NOTE! This is why it is best to clean your tongue when you brush your teeth. Get the gunk off of those taste buds! 10. What are gustatory cells? a- Specific cells that respond to chemicals dissolved in the saliva. b- Surrounded by supporting cells LOCATED ON THE TASTE BUDS. 11. Describe the role of the gustatory hairs. “Long, microvilli protrude through the taste pore, when they are stimulated, they send a signal to the brain. 12. Identify the location of the four major types of taste buds: Tongue 13.When do sense organs develop? “During the first FOUR WEEKS of fetal development” At the end of the fourth WEEK, the baby can taste, smell, hear, and feel. It knows pleasure, and it knows sadness and pain. 14. What is STRABISMUS? a- CROSSED EYES b- Results from unequal pulls by the external eye muscles c- TREATMENT: The doctor will put a patch over the good eye and try to strengthen the weak eye. Surgery may be necessary. If it is not fixed somehow, the weak eye will become BLIND. 15. How are babies able to do things like: enjoy “bland” baby foods, and recognize their mother at birth? There chemical senses are sharp and unpolluted. They also have fewer association pathways to relate to.