Download Ethnicity, Race, and Nationality

Ethnicity, Race,
and Nationality
AP Human Geography
Unit of Study: Cultural Geography
Overview
• Ethnicity is growing in importance as people
all over the world embrace their cultural
heritage.
• Personal and group identities are important
and ethnicity is likely to remain diverse even
with the globalization of religions, languages,
economics, and politics.
What is ethnicity?
• Ethnicity is identity with a group of
people who share the cultural traditions
of a particular homeland or hearth.
• Ethnicity comes from the Greek word
ethnikos, which means national.
Importance of Ethnicity to
Geographers
• Where?
Like other characteristics of culture,
geographers are interested in where ethnicities are
distributed.
• An ethnic group is tied to a particular place,
because members of the group—or their
ancestors—were born and raised there.
The
cultural traits displayed by an ethnicity derive from a
group’s homeland.
Importance of Ethnicity to
Geographers
• Why care? Ethnic identity comes from the
interplay of migration and isolation from
other groups.
• Why ethnicities are distinct comes from their
interaction with and isolation from other
groups.
Importance of Ethnicity to
Geographers
• Globalization. Although there are ethnic
groups that fight to gain control of territory,
NO ethnicity is attempting or even aspiring to
achieve global dominance.
• Even if globalization engulfs language,
religion, or other cultural elements, the
diversity of ethnic identity will remain.
Assimilation v. Acculturation
• Assimilation: the process of responding to
new situations in conformity; “blending” in
• Acculturation: the process by which a
human being acquires the culture of a
particular society
African Americans in the U.S.
Hispanic Americans in the U.S.
Asian Americans in the U.S.
Native Americans in the U.S.
• International Migration of Ethnicities
– Most African Americans are descended from
Africans forced to migrate to the Western
Hemisphere as slaves during the eighteenth
century.
– Most Asian Americans and Hispanics are
descended from voluntary immigrants to the
United States during the late twentieth and early
twenty-first centuries.
• Forced Migration from Africa
– Different European countries acquired slaves
from various regions of Africa, then sent them to
the Americas.
• Examples
– Portuguese shipped slaves from their colonies in Angola and
Mozambique to their American colony, Brazil.
– Other European countries took slaves primarily from a coastal
strip of West Africa between Liberia and the Congo, then sent
them to the Caribbean islands and Central and South
America.
• Voluntary Migration from Latin America and
Asia
– Latin America
• Immigration from Mexico and Puerto Rico fueled rapid
growth of Hispanics in the United States beginning in
the 1970s.
• Third largest group of Hispanics came to United States
from Cuba.
– Asia
• Ranking of sending countries
– 1) China 2) India 3) Philippines 4) Korea 5) Vietnam
• Internal Migration of African Americans
– African Americans have displayed two distinct
internal migration patterns in the United States
during the twentieth century.
1. Interregional migration from the U.S. South to
northern cities during the first half of the twentieth
century
2. Intraregional migration from inner-city ghettos to
outer city and inner suburban neighborhoods during
the second half of the twentieth century
• Internal Migration of African Americans
– Interregional Migration
• Freed as slaves, most African Americans remained in
the rural South during the late nineteenth century,
working as sharecroppers—works fields rented from a
landowner and pays rent by turning over a share of the
crops to him or her.
• Mechanization of agriculture served as a push factor,
while manufacturing jobs in the north acted as a pull
factor that encouraged African Americans to migrate to
the northern cities.
• Traveled by bus and car along the major two-lane longdistance U.S. roads
• Internal Migration of African Americans
– Intraregional Migration
• African Americans arriving at northern cities clustered in
neighborhoods where existing African Americans
already lived.
• Areas came to be known as ghettos.
• Over time, ghettos grew outward typically along major
avenues that radiated out from the center of city.
• Many whites fled their neighborhoods when blacks
began moving in nearby. (White Flight theory)
• Ex. Detroit’s white population dropped by 1.5 million from 1950
to 2000.
Ethnicities in Africa: First…a look
at the political map!
Ethnicities in Africa
What is race?
• Race is identity with a group who share a
biological ancestor and it is distinct from ethnicity.
• Example: In the U.S., Asians are a race and Asian
Americans encompass basically the same ethnic
group of people, though Asian American is a broad
grouping for people from diverse Asian
backgrounds.
Important Term
• Racism: the belief that race is the primary
determinant of human traits and capacities
and those racial differences produce an
inherent superiority of a particular race.
What is nationality?
• A nationality is identity with a group of
people who share legal attachment and
personal allegiance to a particular country.
• A nation or nationality is a group of people
tied together to a particular place through
legal status and cultural traditions.
Differences…
• Ethnicity describes cultural identity while
nationality describes political ties and ideas
about voting, passports, and civic duties.
• American is a nationality, Hispanic-American
or African-American are ethnicities, and race
is the genetic heritage with skin color being
the most visible trait.
Self-identification
• What is it? the act of identifying yourself as
a particular kind of person, including your
ethnicity and race
Nationalism
• Nationalism is loyalty and devotion to a
nationality.
• Nationalism promotes one nationality and
culture above that of other nations.
How is nationalism fostered?
• Mass media (controlled in some states—
believed to be a risk to the government)
• Flags, songs, symbols, holidays
• Propaganda (often negative images about
other countries)
Samples of symbols or images that
promote nationalism
Sample of propaganda intended to promote
a particular attitude about war
Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces
• A centripetal force is an attitude that tends
to UNIFY OR CONNECT people and
enhance support for a state (country).
• A centrifugal force is an attitude that tends
to DIVIDE people and decrease support for a
state.
Do you know the difference?
Centripetal or centrifugal?
1. flag
2. civil war
3. interstate system
4. national anthem
5. poor economy
The Index of Residential Dissimilarity
—What is it?
• Segregation is a shorthand expression for
the extent to which members of an ethnic
group are not uniformly distributed in relation
to the rest of the population.
• Think of separation!
The Index of Residential Dissimilarity
—What is it?
• A commonly employed measure for quantifying the
degree to which a distinctive group is segregated is
the index of residential dissimilarity.
• It indicates the difference between the distributions
of two component groups of a population, with a
theoretical range of values from 0 (no segregation)
to 100 (complete segregation).
The Index of Residential Dissimilarity
—What is it?
• Example: Detroit, Michigan
– 1. Population (2011): 9.8 million people
– 2. Overall segregation index—83 (established
by the U.S. Census Bureau)
– 3. Index of Dissimilarity:
• Blacks: 89
• Hispanic: 42
• Asian: 48
The Index of Residential Dissimilarity
—What is it?
• Evidence from cities throughout the world
makes it clear that most ethnic minorities tend
to be sharply segregated from the charter
group.
• Charter means “first,” referring to the first
group that has a lasting impact on the
cultural landscape.
To what extent is America
a “melting pot”?
Well…let’s talk about it…
Schoolhouse
Rocks!
To what extent is America
a “melting pot”?
• It is really more of an American myth than reality.
• Wilbur Zelinsky: “ Doctrine of First Effective
Settlement”
– Cultural areas of the U.S. are European in origin
– His doctrine refers to the first group that is able to
establish a viable, continuing society within a specific
territory.
– United States—first group to establish core as spread
culture as the U.S. expanded
Interactive Map Showing
Settlement Patterns
Now…let’s see how much
you remember…
Question 1
Which of these is an example of a cultural trait?
A. sleeping
B. eating a meal
C. wearing a turban
D. walking
E. parenting
Question 1
Which of these is an example of a cultural trait?
C. wearing a turban
Question 2
An ethnicity is typically distinguished by all but
which of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
art
culture
history
traditions
sovereignty
Question 2
An ethnicity is typically distinguished by all but
which of the following?
E. sovereignty
Question 3
Elements of nationalism include all of the following
except
A. a common culture.
B. shared attitudes.
C. shared emotions.
D. political structures
(type of government).
Question 3
Elements of nationalism include all of the following
except
D. political structures
(type of government).
Question 4
In the United States, which of the following is shared
by all Americans?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
nationality
language
religion
race
ethnicity
Question 4
In the United States, which of the following is shared
by all Americans?
A. nationality
Question 5
Latinos and Hispanics are clustered in which areas of
the United States?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Northeast, cities
West, Southwest
Southwest, Northwest
cities
rural areas
Question 5
Latinos and Hispanics are clustered in which areas of
the United States?
B. West, Southwest
Question 6
Self-identification includes
A.
B.
C.
D.
ethnicity
race
religion
all of the above
Question 6
Self-identification includes
D. all of the above
Question 7
Which of the following is not a strong centripetal force
in the United States?
A.
B.
C.
D.
network television
the Pledge of Allegiance
a common currency
diverse ethnic groups
Question 7
Which of the following is not a strong centripetal force
in the United States?
D. diverse ethnic groups