Download Unit 4 PowerPoint – Chapters 6-7

Chapters 6 and7
© Robin Foster
Chapter 6
Religion
People care deeply about their religion.
Some religions are designed to appeal to
people throughout the world, some in a
particular area.
Religious values are important to
understanding people.
Most religions require exclusive adherence.
Migrants take their religion with them.
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Large Global Appeal-60% of people
Three main: Christianity, Islam and Buddhism
Branch-large basic division within a religion.
Denomination-division of a branch that
unites local congregations into a single
legal/administrative body.
Sect-small group that has broken away from
an established denomination.
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Branches:
◦ Roman Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox
◦ Protestant includes-Baptist, Methodist, Pentecostal,
Episcopal, Lutheran, Presbyterian
Smaller branches-Ethiopian Church and Coptic
Church of Egypt.
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24% of the world.
Appeal primarily to one group living in one
place.
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Example: Hindu
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Appeal primarily to one group of people
living in one place-24% of the world.
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“Submission to the
will of God.”
Most Muslims live
in the Middle East.
1.3 million
followers
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Sunni-83% of all
Muslims.
Largest Branch in
the Middle East and
Asia.
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Shiites-16% of all
Muslims.
Located in Iran,
Pakistan, Iraq,
Turkey
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400 million
followers
Mostly found in
China and SE Asia.
Buddhism is also
split into branches
1.
2.
3.
4.
All living beings must endure suffering.
Suffering which is caused by the desire to live,
leads to reincarnation (repeated rebirth in new
bodies or forms of life.).
The goal of all existence is to escape suffering
and the endless cycle of reincarnation into
Nirvana (a state of complete redemption), which
is achieved through mental and moral selfpurification.
Nirvana is attained through an Eight-fold Path,
which includes rightness of belief, resolve,
speech, action, livelihood, effort, thought and
meditation.
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Most religious
functions are
performed by
monks not the
general public.
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Sikhism
Guru Nanak
Only god is perfect
and people have
the capacity for
continuous
improvement.
Baha’I
He taught that there is
only one God, that
there is only one
human race, and that
all the world’s
religions represent
stages in the
revelation of God’s
will and purpose for
humanity.
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Hinduism
Confucianism
Daoism (Taoism)
Shintoism
Judiasm
Shamanism-animism
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Christanity-missionaries-individuals who
help to transmit a religion through relocation
diffusion.
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Islam-missionaries and Arab traders.
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Buddhism-Emperor Asoka
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Most ethnic religions have limited if any
diffusion.
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The scattering of any ethnic group.
Jewish people scattered north into central
Europe from Jerusalem after the city was
destroyed.
This enabled the diffusion of religion as the
ethnic group moved.
Most religions share some common
characteristics:
Holy places
The calendar
Places of worship
Disposing of the dead
Religious settlements
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Hierarchical Religions-have a well-defined
geographic structure and organize territory
into local administrative units.
Examples:
◦ Roman Catholic
◦ Mormon
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Self-sufficient and interaction among
communities is confined to little more than
loose cooperation and shared ideas.
Islam
Baptists
Church of Christ
Judaism
Hindu
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A literal
interpretation of a
strict and intense
adherence to basic
principles of a
religion.
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Religious principles have become increasingly
important in the political organization of
countries.
Taliban in Afghanistan-laws related to strict
Islamic values
◦ Men were beaten for shaving beards
◦ Thieves had hands cut off.
Hinduism vs. Social
Equality
caste system
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Eastern Orthodox
and Islam vs. Soviet
Government.
1918-Soviet
government
eliminated the state
church.
Communist
government
discourage religious
activity worldwide.
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Protestants vs.
Catholics
Catholics have been
discriminated
against and denied
higher paying jobs
and better schools.
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2,000 years of conflict over the area near the
Mediterranean.
All three major religions trace their origins to
this area.
Jerusalem is a holy city to the three major
religions.
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The West Bank is located within Israel, but is
claimed by Palestinians who are
predominantly Muslim.
The end of WWII created Israel as an
independent state.
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A cargo cult is a religious practice that has
appeared in many traditional tribal societies
in the wake of interaction with technologically
advanced cultures. The cults focus on
obtaining the material wealth (the "cargo") of
the advanced culture through magic and
religious rituals and practices.
Chapter 7
Ethnicity
“Few Humans live in isolation.”
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Ethnicity is an identity with a group of people
who chare the cultural traditions of a
particular homeland or hearth.
Ethnicity comes from the Greek “ethnikos”
which means national.
Regions of distinct ethnic identity remain in
the world and USA.
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African American and Hispanic are the two
largest ethnic groups in the USA.
Ethnic groups may live within particular
regions of the USA, or within particular
neighborhoods in cities.
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Ethnicity is the identity with a group of
people that share distinct physical and mental
traits as a product of common heredity and
cultural traditions.
Race is the identity with a group of people
who share the same biological ancestor.
◦ Race comes from the middle French word for
Generation.
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Biological descendant
Race is inherited.
Example: Caucasian,
Asian, African
Developed in the
1800’s by
anthropologists
based on skin color,
bone structure and
hair.
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Cultural heritage
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Ethnicity is learned
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Example: hispanic,
african-american
1.
Immigration from
Africa to the
colonies in the
1700’s.
forced
migration,
triangular trade
1.
Immigration from
the South to the
North during the
1900’s.
Search of jobs
during wartime.
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Immigration from
inner city ghettos
to other urban
neighborhoods,
late 1900’s and
early 2000’s.
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Migration from
Mexico and Latin
America.
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Early colonists and
Westward
settlement.
Clashes with the
Native Americans.
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Segregation laws in
the USA.
Plessy vs. Ferguson
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Racism-racial differences produce an
inherent superiority of a particular race.
A racist is person who subscribes to the
beliefs of racism.
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Physical separation
of the races into
different
geographic areas.
In 1991, Apartheid
laws were repealed.
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Nationality is identity with a group of people
who share legal attachment and personal
allegiance to a country.
Every person in the USA is American in
Nationality.
Every American is also a member of a race.
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Self-determination-ethnicities have the right
to govern themselves.
Nation-state is a state whose territory
corresponds to that occupied by a particular
ethnicity that has been transformed into a
nationality.
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Best example in
Europe
Danes (Danish
ethnicity)
corresponds to
state of Denmark.
Nearly all speak
Danish.
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Loyalty and devotion to a nationality
Promoted through flags and songs.
An example of a centripedal (directed to the
center) force which is an attitude that tends
to unify people and enhance the support for a
state.
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Multi-ethnic states
share more than
one ethnicity
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◦ Example: Belgium
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Multi-national
states contain two
or more ethnic
groups with
traditions of selfdetermination who
agree to peacefully
co-exist.
Example: the UK
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Ethnic conflict has
returned since the
fall of Communism.
Each group has
longstanding
grievances against
the other groups.
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Africa-control of
Horn of Africa.
Ethnic groups what
to be dominant
within the various
countries.
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Christian Blacks
and animist rebels
and Arabgovernment forces
in North, involved
in a Civil War.
Ethnic cleansing in
black controlled
Darfur.
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India-forced
migration for
religious regions.
Creation of Pakistan
for Muslims in the
region.
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Tamil-North
SinhaleseSouth
Fighting has gone
on for more than
2,000 years.
A ceasefire was
declared in 2002
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The process in which a more powerful ethnic
group forcibly removes a less powerful one in
order to create an ethnically homogenous
region.
The goal is to rid an entire are of an ethnicity
so that the surviving ethnic group can be the
sole inhabitants.
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6
5
3
4
republics
named for the main nationalities
major religions-Catholic, Orthodox, Islam
official languages
Balkanization-the process by which a state
breaks down through conflicts among it’s
ethnicities.
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Ethnic cleansing between the Hutus (farmers)
an Tutsis (cattle herders).
Hutu’s killed most of the Tutsis out of fear
the Tutsis would gain control of an
independent nation.