Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Chapters 6 and7 © Robin Foster Chapter 6 Religion People care deeply about their religion. Some religions are designed to appeal to people throughout the world, some in a particular area. Religious values are important to understanding people. Most religions require exclusive adherence. Migrants take their religion with them. Large Global Appeal-60% of people Three main: Christianity, Islam and Buddhism Branch-large basic division within a religion. Denomination-division of a branch that unites local congregations into a single legal/administrative body. Sect-small group that has broken away from an established denomination. Branches: ◦ Roman Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox ◦ Protestant includes-Baptist, Methodist, Pentecostal, Episcopal, Lutheran, Presbyterian Smaller branches-Ethiopian Church and Coptic Church of Egypt. 24% of the world. Appeal primarily to one group living in one place. Example: Hindu Appeal primarily to one group of people living in one place-24% of the world. “Submission to the will of God.” Most Muslims live in the Middle East. 1.3 million followers Sunni-83% of all Muslims. Largest Branch in the Middle East and Asia. Shiites-16% of all Muslims. Located in Iran, Pakistan, Iraq, Turkey 400 million followers Mostly found in China and SE Asia. Buddhism is also split into branches 1. 2. 3. 4. All living beings must endure suffering. Suffering which is caused by the desire to live, leads to reincarnation (repeated rebirth in new bodies or forms of life.). The goal of all existence is to escape suffering and the endless cycle of reincarnation into Nirvana (a state of complete redemption), which is achieved through mental and moral selfpurification. Nirvana is attained through an Eight-fold Path, which includes rightness of belief, resolve, speech, action, livelihood, effort, thought and meditation. Most religious functions are performed by monks not the general public. Sikhism Guru Nanak Only god is perfect and people have the capacity for continuous improvement. Baha’I He taught that there is only one God, that there is only one human race, and that all the world’s religions represent stages in the revelation of God’s will and purpose for humanity. Hinduism Confucianism Daoism (Taoism) Shintoism Judiasm Shamanism-animism Christanity-missionaries-individuals who help to transmit a religion through relocation diffusion. Islam-missionaries and Arab traders. Buddhism-Emperor Asoka Most ethnic religions have limited if any diffusion. The scattering of any ethnic group. Jewish people scattered north into central Europe from Jerusalem after the city was destroyed. This enabled the diffusion of religion as the ethnic group moved. Most religions share some common characteristics: Holy places The calendar Places of worship Disposing of the dead Religious settlements Hierarchical Religions-have a well-defined geographic structure and organize territory into local administrative units. Examples: ◦ Roman Catholic ◦ Mormon Self-sufficient and interaction among communities is confined to little more than loose cooperation and shared ideas. Islam Baptists Church of Christ Judaism Hindu A literal interpretation of a strict and intense adherence to basic principles of a religion. Religious principles have become increasingly important in the political organization of countries. Taliban in Afghanistan-laws related to strict Islamic values ◦ Men were beaten for shaving beards ◦ Thieves had hands cut off. Hinduism vs. Social Equality caste system Eastern Orthodox and Islam vs. Soviet Government. 1918-Soviet government eliminated the state church. Communist government discourage religious activity worldwide. Protestants vs. Catholics Catholics have been discriminated against and denied higher paying jobs and better schools. 2,000 years of conflict over the area near the Mediterranean. All three major religions trace their origins to this area. Jerusalem is a holy city to the three major religions. The West Bank is located within Israel, but is claimed by Palestinians who are predominantly Muslim. The end of WWII created Israel as an independent state. A cargo cult is a religious practice that has appeared in many traditional tribal societies in the wake of interaction with technologically advanced cultures. The cults focus on obtaining the material wealth (the "cargo") of the advanced culture through magic and religious rituals and practices. Chapter 7 Ethnicity “Few Humans live in isolation.” Ethnicity is an identity with a group of people who chare the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. Ethnicity comes from the Greek “ethnikos” which means national. Regions of distinct ethnic identity remain in the world and USA. African American and Hispanic are the two largest ethnic groups in the USA. Ethnic groups may live within particular regions of the USA, or within particular neighborhoods in cities. Ethnicity is the identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. Race is the identity with a group of people who share the same biological ancestor. ◦ Race comes from the middle French word for Generation. Biological descendant Race is inherited. Example: Caucasian, Asian, African Developed in the 1800’s by anthropologists based on skin color, bone structure and hair. Cultural heritage Ethnicity is learned Example: hispanic, african-american 1. Immigration from Africa to the colonies in the 1700’s. forced migration, triangular trade 1. Immigration from the South to the North during the 1900’s. Search of jobs during wartime. 1. Immigration from inner city ghettos to other urban neighborhoods, late 1900’s and early 2000’s. Migration from Mexico and Latin America. Early colonists and Westward settlement. Clashes with the Native Americans. Segregation laws in the USA. Plessy vs. Ferguson Racism-racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. A racist is person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism. Physical separation of the races into different geographic areas. In 1991, Apartheid laws were repealed. Nationality is identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a country. Every person in the USA is American in Nationality. Every American is also a member of a race. Self-determination-ethnicities have the right to govern themselves. Nation-state is a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality. Best example in Europe Danes (Danish ethnicity) corresponds to state of Denmark. Nearly all speak Danish. Loyalty and devotion to a nationality Promoted through flags and songs. An example of a centripedal (directed to the center) force which is an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance the support for a state. Multi-ethnic states share more than one ethnicity ◦ Example: Belgium Multi-national states contain two or more ethnic groups with traditions of selfdetermination who agree to peacefully co-exist. Example: the UK Ethnic conflict has returned since the fall of Communism. Each group has longstanding grievances against the other groups. Africa-control of Horn of Africa. Ethnic groups what to be dominant within the various countries. Christian Blacks and animist rebels and Arabgovernment forces in North, involved in a Civil War. Ethnic cleansing in black controlled Darfur. India-forced migration for religious regions. Creation of Pakistan for Muslims in the region. Tamil-North SinhaleseSouth Fighting has gone on for more than 2,000 years. A ceasefire was declared in 2002 The process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogenous region. The goal is to rid an entire are of an ethnicity so that the surviving ethnic group can be the sole inhabitants. 6 5 3 4 republics named for the main nationalities major religions-Catholic, Orthodox, Islam official languages Balkanization-the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among it’s ethnicities. Ethnic cleansing between the Hutus (farmers) an Tutsis (cattle herders). Hutu’s killed most of the Tutsis out of fear the Tutsis would gain control of an independent nation.