Download Odds and ends from the last EOC practice…

Odds and ends from the last
EOC practice…
premise
A premise is a statement that an argument
claims will induce or justify a conclusion.
In other words: a premise is an
assumption that something is true.
In logic, an argument requires a set of (at
least) two declarative sentences (or
propositions) known as the premises
along with another declarative sentence (or
"proposition") known as the conclusion.
This structure of two premises and one
conclusion forms the basic argumentative
structure.
premise - examples
Propositions or premise
1. The sun is shining.
2. There are no clouds in the sky.
Conclusion: It will not rain today.
Propositions or premise
1. Students are not scoring well on their practice EOCs.
2. Every day, in every class, students are reviewed for the EOC.
There are no clouds in the sky.
Conclusion: Overdoing the preparation and practice is not
improving practice EOC scores.
Logical fallacy
A logical fallacy is a flaw in reasoning.
Logical fallacies are like tricks or
illusions of thought, and they're often
very sneakily used by politicians and
the media to fool people.
Don't be fooled!
Logical fallacy examples
Slippery Slope: This is a conclusion based
on the premise that if A happens, then
eventually through a series of small steps,
through B, C,..., X, Y, Z will happen, too,
basically equating A and Z. So, if we don't
want Z to occur, A must not be allowed to
occur either.
If we ban Hummers because they are bad
for the environment eventually the
government will ban all cars, so we should
not ban Hummers.
Logical fallacy examples
False Authority – using a biased,
suspicious, or incredible source to
defend a conclusion.
A false authority fallacy occurs when
people offer themselves (or other
suspicious authorities) as sufficient
warrant for believing their claims.
Ashton Kutcher uses that type of
camera, so it must be the best.
Logical fallacy examples
A Post Hoc is a fallacy with the
following form:
A occurs before B.
Therefore A is the cause of B
I had been doing pretty poorly this
season. Then my girlfriend gave me
this neon laces for my spikes and I
won my next three races. Those laces
must be good luck...if I keep on
wearing them I can't help but win!
Logical fallacy examples
The Bandwagon is a fallacy in which a
threat of rejection by one's peers (or peer
pressure) is substituted for evidence in an
"argument." This line of "reasoning" has the
following form:
Person P is pressured by his/her peers or threatened with
rejection.
Therefore person P's claim X is false.
Jennifer tells her friends she loves Band of
Horses at lunch. Her friends tell her she
likes “old people’s” music and that only rap
music is cool. Jennifer pulls her jacket over
her Band of Horses concert tee and agrees
with her friends that Nas and Dr. Dre are
the best music acts ever.
Logical fallacy examples
Hasty Generalization: This is a
conclusion based on insufficient or
biased evidence. In other words, you
are rushing to a conclusion before
you have all the relevant facts.
Even though it's only the first day, I
can tell this is going to be a boring
course.
Logical fallacy examples
Ad hominem: This is an attack on
the character of a person rather than
his or her opinions or arguments.
Green Peace's strategies aren't
effective because they are all dirty,
lazy hippies.
Logical fallacy examples
Non sequitur in formal logic, is an
argument in which its conclusion does
not follow from its premises.
In a non sequitur, the conclusion
could be either true or false, but the
argument is fallacious because there
is a disconnection between the
premise and the conclusion.
Bill lives in a large building, so his
apartment must be large
Logical fallacy examples
Red Herring: This is a diversionary
tactic that avoids the key issues, often
by avoiding opposing arguments
rather than addressing them.
The level of mercury in seafood may
be unsafe, but what will fishers do to
support their families?
Logical fallacy examples
Video Examples
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
inductive
Let's look at
reasoning first.
Inductive reasoning moves from the particular to
the general. It gathers together particular
observations in the form of premises, then it
reasons from these particular premises to a
general conclusion.
The most common form of inductive reasoning is
when we collect evidence of some observed
phenomena (e.g. examining 10,000 dogs for
fleas), then we draw a general conclusion about all
such phenomena based on our collected evidence
(e.g. whether all dogs have fleas).
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning moves from the
general to the particular. It takes a general
premise and deduces particular
conclusions.
A "valid" deductive argument is one in
which the conclusion necessarily follows
from the premise. (All dogs have fleas. This
is a dog. Therefore this dog has fleas.)
The premise may not be "true" but the form
of the argument is nevertheless "valid.” (If
all dogs do have fleas, and if this is a dog,
then this dog must necessarily have fleas.)
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Video Explanation
Mood
A mood shows the writer’s attitude toward what he/she is
saying.
Indicative Mood states an actuality or fact.
We will go to see a movie this Sunday.
I’ll follow you.
Some verbs are in the imperative mood, which expresses
commands or requests. Though it is not stated, the understood
subject of imperative sentences is you.
Let’s go to see a movie this weekend!
Make me an omelet. (You make me an omelet.)
Subjunctive Mood expresses a doubtful condition (contrary to fact)
and is often used with an "if" clause.
If I were you, I wouldn’t buy a house.
I wish I were more organized.
Subjunctive Mood
The subjunctive mood is the verb form used to express a
command, a wish, a suggestion or a condition that is contrary
to fact. A verb in the subjunctive mood may have a different
form to one with the same subject which is not in the
subjunctive mood. Always use were instead of was.
I was in your position two years ago. (not in the subjunctive
mood)
If I were in your position, I would do the same. (subjunctive
mood)
I wish it were still in use. (subjunctive mood - "it was"
becomes "it were“)
The board recommended that the motion be passed
immediately. (subjunctive mood - "motion is passed" becomes
"motion be passed")
She suggests that Mark work full time from Saturday.
(subjunctive mood - "Mark works" becomes "Mark work")
parallel construction
Parallel structure means using the same
pattern of words to show that two or more ideas
have the same level of importance. This can happen
at the word, phrase, or clause level. The usual way
to join parallel structures is with the use of
coordinating conjunctions such as "and" or "or.“
Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling.
Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle.
Mary likes to hike, swim, and ride a bicycle.
Not Parallel: The production manager was asked to
write his report quickly, accurately, and in a
detailed manner.
Parallel: The production manager was asked to
write his report quickly, accurately, and thoroughly.
propaganda
Propaganda, a term used commonly
to describe deceptive persuasive
techniques.
Video Examples