Download Judaism & Christianity Chapter 25, Section 3

Judaism & Christianity
Chapter 25, Section 3
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The Middle East is the birthplace of three
major religions. What are they?
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Judaism
Christianity
Islam
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What were the main religious beliefs of the
ancient Hebrews? (see p. 563)
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God made a covenant with Moses.
Hebrews accepted God as ruler of Heaven and
Earth.
God made the Hebrews the chosen people.
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Where did the Hebrews initially live in the Middle
East?
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In about 1800 BC, they were driven from Canaan to
Egypt.
They were enslaved in Egypt.
Moses led them out of Egypt to the Sinai Peninsula.
Later, they set up a small state in Canaan.
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How did the Hebrews eventually come to be
called Jews?
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After Judea, the name given to their land.
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After the Hebrews emerged from the Sinai
Peninsula, where did they migrate to?
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In about what year did they form the Kingdom
of Israel?
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The Fertile Crescent
About 1025 BC.
Ancient Israel was located in Canaan
between Egypt and what?
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Mesopotamia
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As a result of its location between Egypt
& Mesopotamia, Israel was often
threatened by invaders. Who were
Israel’s two greatest kings who fought
off these invaders?
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David and Solomon
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What are David and Solomon most
known for?
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David was a skilled general. He unified
Israel and made it a power in the Middle
East.
Solomon (David’s son) was noted for his
wisdom, and his reign was marked by
peace.
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How did Solomon transform Jerusalem?
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9th
He built palaces and a great temple
dedicated to God. The outer walls were
made of stone, but the inner walls were
made of wood covered with gold.
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How did Solomon pay for his building
projects and what happened as a result
of it?
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He taxed the people heavily. Discontent
grew, and after Solomon’s death in 930
BC, revolts weakened the kingdom.
Foreign rulers conquered Israel and the
Hebrews were forced into exile.
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What happened after the Persians
conquered the Fertile Crescent in 500
BC?
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They allowed the Hebrews to return to
Israel, who were then ruled by one foreign
peoples after another. After the Persians,
then the Greeks and Romans.
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In 70 AD, the Jews revolted against
Roman rule. What happened as a
result?
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In a savage war, many Jews were killed.
Romans forced the survivors out of
Palestine.
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What is the scattering of Jews
throughout the world called?
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2nd period
The diaspora
It continued until the modern state of Israel
was created in 1948.
The existence of Israel continues to be a
point of serious conflict in the Middle East.
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What were some of the major teachings of
Judaism?
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Monotheistic
Importance of law - Ten Commandments are
religious and ethical laws. Like Hammurabi’s
Code, the laws of the Torah outlined standards for
everyday life.
Noted for its ethical world view - that people and
rulers should lead moral lives.
What was (is) the name of their sacred book?
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The Torah
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Who were the Jewish religious teachers, and
what did they preach?
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Prophets. Reminded Jews of their duties and
warned of God’s anger and punishment if they
strayed. Insisted rulers must obey God’s laws.
Judaism taught that individuals were responsible
for their actions.
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What were some of the key events surrounding the
rise of Christianity?
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Birth of Jesus during Roman rule. Born in Bethlehem, small
town near Jerusalem.
Became a preacher when he was 30, teaching the poor
about God’s goodness and mercy.
Prophets had predicted a messiah; Jesus was it. Some Jews
believed, but others did not. Jesus taught respect for Roman
law, but refused to accept emperor as God.
He upheld the Ten Commandments, but stressed love for
God and compassion for other people.
Used parables to teach simple moral lessons.
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How did Christianity spread beyond the
Middle East?
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Jesus’ teachings collected in the New
Testament.
Followers became known as Christians,
from the Greek word Christos, meaning
“anointed.”
Missionaries Peter and Paul spread Jesus’
word around the Roman world.
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How did the Romans persecute Christians
and what was the result of these
persecutions?
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Romans were suspicious of Christians because
they refused to worship Roman gods.
Thousands of Christians became martyrs (people
who suffer or die for their beliefs).
Persecutions caused Christianity to grow, not
collapse.
In 313 AD, Roman emperor Constantine
converted to Christianity. By 395 AD, Christianity
was the official religion of the Roman empire.
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How was the Christian Church
formalized over time?
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At first, the highest Church officials were
bishops.
Eventually, the bishop of Rome took on the
title of pope and became the head of the
Church.
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How did the Church split between the Roman
Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox
Church?
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8th perioddone
Roman Empire was divided in 395 AD and eastern
half became the Byzantine Empire.
Byzantine emperor refused to recognize the pope
in Rome.
This caused the split, with the Eastern Orthodox
Church centered in Constantinople.