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Classification of Judaism
• Ethnic
• Ranked 5th
• 14 million
followers
The Jewish Hearth/Core
Hearth: It emerged 30004000 years ago in the Near
East, in Mesopotamia
(Sumerian, Babylonia,
Assyria, Jerusalem, and
Shechem)
• Current day Israel
Core: Israel-2nd largest
US largest population
Diffusion
• Relocation Diffusion
• The religion spread north
to Southern and Eastern
Europe and east into Asia
Important Jewish Events in
History (cont.)
• Exodus from Egypt
– Forced to build temples,
sphinx and other things for
pharaoh
• Held strong together to
keep faith and not follow
the beliefs and many gods
of the pharaohs
– Moses freed them by
unleashing Gods 10 plagues
upon Egypt
– Led to the promised land
where they lived for 40 years
without conflict
Important Jewish Events in
History
• Holocaust
– World War II (Hitler,
Germany)Jews were forced
out of towns to live in ghetto’s
or work in concentration
camps
– Causing diaspora a
dispersion of a people from
their original homeland
– Resulting in the spread of
Judaism to other parts of the
world (ie. United States)
Symbols of Judaism
Menorah
*Oldest symbol of Jewish faith (7 branches)
*Said to be "a light unto the nations"
*Today's 9 -branched menorah commemorates
miracle that a day's worth of oil lasted 8 days
Mitzvot (Commandments)
• Prayer:
– Certain prayers 3x
daily
• Tzedakah (charity):
– 10-15% of income
to charity
• Kashrut (dietary
laws):
– Kosher diet
• Shabbat (The
Sabbath):
– Sundown on
Fridaydark on
Saturday
– Refrain from
creative acts which
change the state of
the world
Kosher Diet
• Kosher (Derived from Hebrew word
Kaf-Shin-Resh, meaning fit, proper,
correct)
• Kosher Laws/rules :
– 1) Certain animals may not be
eaten at all. This restriction
includes the flesh, organs, eggs,
and milk of the forbidden
animals (camel, rock badger,
hare, pig)
– 2) Of the animals that may be
eaten, the birds and mammals
must be killed in accordance with
Jewish law:
• a)All blood must be drained
from the meat or broiled out
of it before it is eaten
b)Certain
parts of permitted animals may
not be eaten
c)
Meat (the flesh of birds and mammals)
cannot be eaten with dairy. Fish, eggs,
fruits, vegetables, and grains can be eaten
with either meat or dairy
d)
Utensils that have come into contact
with meat may not be used with dairy, and
vice versa. Utensils that have come into
contact with non-Kosher food may not be
used with kosher food. This applies only
where the contact occurred while the food
was hot
e)
Grape products made by non-Jewish
people may not be eaten
Places of Worship
• Cultural Landscape: subtle & unobtrusive
• The Synagogue
Chief institution:
– provides religious, educational, cultural and social programs
– mid to large communities will have more than one congregation
– Children learn through religious classes and youth groups
– annual financial commitment (dues) to synagogue
– congregation open to all
– Primary means of connectedness
Sacred Space: Wailing Wall
(Western Wall)
• Holiest spot in Jewish life
• Rome destroyed it in 70 C. E.
and only the outer wall
remained
• Tension with Muslims because
of two mosques
• Custom of inserting written
prayers into cracks
• Attempt to level mosques
would lead to an international
holy war
Burial Practice
• Jewish Death Rituals
according to Jewish law
– The body of the deceased is
washed thoroughly
– embalming is not permitted,
the coffins are constructed so
that the body will be returned
to the Earth as soon as possible.
– coffins are made of pine wood, and
have no metal parts at all (wooden
pegs are used in the place of nails
deceased is buried in a simple pine coffin)
-mourning for 3 days
Holidays
• The Jewish Calendar
– Lunar calendar
– Years based on number
of years since creation
• Chanukah
– Festival of the
rededication of the
Temple
– Starts Dec. 20
• Rosh Hashanah
– New Year
• Pesach (Passover)
Christianity
Practice of Christianity
•
Universalizing
• Christianity ranks #1
• 33% practice
Christianity (2.1
billion)
Diffusion
° Hearth:
Western Church- Rome
was center (hierarchical
to rural, (contagious
expansion in Europe) …
then by relocation &
expansion to European
colonies
Fall of Rome divided
church into Eastern &
Western
Christianity in the World Today
• North America - Protestant(Canada & US) and
Catholic (Mexico)
• Central and South America - Catholic
• Most European countries - Orthodox (E. Europe),
Catholic (South), and Protestant (North & Central)
• Some Sub-Saharan Africa and Australia Protestant
• Russian- Eastern Orthodox
Routes of Diffusion
Beliefs of Roman Catholicism
• There is one God
• Though God is one God, God exists in three
distinct persons: God the Father, the Son of God
(Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit. This is called
the Trinity.
• Jesus Christ was conceived by the power of the
Holy Spirit, was resurrected, and will come again
to judge humanity to determine how they spend
eternity, whether in Heaven or Hell
• Baptism is required for the forgiveness of sins
• There is one true church
• All humankind will be resurrected
Beliefs of Eastern Orthodoxy
• There are three Divine Persons in God,
distinct yet equal (similar to Trinity)
• There are seven Sacraments
– Baptism, Confirmation, Holy
Communion, Confession, Marriage, Holy
Orders, and the Anointing of the Sick
• God assigned to every man an angel to
help guide him
• Veneration of icons is worshipping the
people they represent, not the icons
themselves
• God knows which road a man will
take, but does not predestinate Him
Virgin Mary in Orans pose
Beliefs of Protestantism
• There are 4 fundamental beliefs:
• Christ alone: Only Christ is the mediator
between God and man. (Other religions
teach that Mary, priests, etc. can mediate
between God and man.)
• Scripture alone: The Bible is the only
rule of faith, and personal interpretation
is as valid as official interpretation.
• Faith alone: Every believer is a priest
and obtains reconciliation with God
through faith in Jesus Christ and no other.
• Grace alone: Salvation is a gift from
God dispensed through Jesus Christ,
regardless of merit, for no one deserves
salvation. (Works, whether good or bad,
have no effect.)
Religious symbols
• Christianity has many
religious symbols for its
multiple sects, but
common symbols include
the crucifix, the ichthus,
and the Bible. The
appearance of these items
varies from sect to sect.
Cultural Landscape/Places of
Worship=Churches
Protestant- very plain,
house of worship
Catholic- very grandios, god
resides in cathedral… should
instill fear
Orthodoxvery bright, ornate
St. Basil Cathedral, Moscow
St.Peters Church, Ireland
Burial Practices
• Buried
• Headstones may include crosses or verses
from the Bible.
• Historically, the head should be placed at
the western end of the grave, this mirrors
the layout of Christian churches and for
the same reason, to view the coming of
Christ
Christmas
•
•
•
•
•
Birth of Jesus
Gift Giving
Christmas Trees
Carols
Nativity Scenes
Holidays
•
•
•
•
Christmas
Easter
Lent
Ash Wednesday
• Holy Week
–
–
–
–
Palm Sunday
Holy Thursday
Good Friday
Holy Saturday
Islam
Classification of Islam
• Universalizing
* Ranked 2nd largest
• An estimated 1.25 billion
adherents worldwide
• Islam is the current fastest
growing population
– Asia has the highest number
of Muslims
Diffusion
• Expansion diffusion to most of
Central Asia, northern India and
northern Africa
– Went into northern India
where Hinduism wasn’t
present
• Relocation diffusion into
Indonesia, Southern Africa and
the Western Hemisphere
– Core Saudi Arabia, Egypt,
Iran
Geography
History
570 A.D. –Mohammed the profit was born into a trading family of the
Kuraish tribe in Mecca.
613 A.D. – Mohammed began preaching in Mecca
622 A.D. – Mohammed fled Mecca to Medina and the calendar began
624 A.D. – Mohammed and his followers began a war against Mecca.
632 A.D. – Mohammed dies on June 8th*
Beliefs
•
There is one god- Allah
–
•
•
Mohammed the Prophet is said to have
completed the work of Moses, David
and Jesus
Surrendering to the will of Allah united
the faithful into a brotherhood that has
no concern with race, color, or caste
–
•
•
•
In Arabic, Allah means “the god”
Caste- social level, occupation
The five pillars leads to a completed
life
The Qur’an is the holy book
The mosque is the holy place to
worship
The Qur’an
•
•
Was reveled to Mohammed through the Angel Gabriel
in a vision while Mohammed was meditating.
The different books:
–
–
–
–
–
–
The Zabur – the psalms of David
The Tawrat – the Torah of Moses
The Injil – the gospels of Jesus
The Suhufi Ibrahim – the scrolls of Abraham
The Hadith – what the prophet Mohammed said and did
The Suhrah – the rules and regulations of the Islamic life
• Also contains the beliefs and practices for everyday
Five Pillars
• The five pillars are the central
belief of the Islamic life and
how they should live.
– Shanadah – the declaration
of faith to Allah
– Salat – Prayers five times
daily
– Zakat – Welfare
contributions to the poor
– Sawm –The month of
Ramadan fast
– Hajj - A Pilgrimage to
Mecca once in a lifetime
Shi’ites vs. Sunnis
• The Shiites believed in the
fourth caliph, the son-in-law of
the prophet
• Some of their enforcers:
–
–
–
–
Ethna Ashari
Ja’fari
Ismaeli
Druze
• The Sunnis hold the majority of
the Islamic population.
• They claim that they are
Mohammed's rightful
successors
• Recognize first 4 caliphs
• Prominent in countries except
Iraq, Iran, Bahrain, and some of
Yemen
• Some of their enforcers are:
–
–
–
–
Maliki
Hanabali
Shafi’ie
Hanafi
Cultural Landscape/Places of
Worship
• The Mosque is the place of
worship
• It is also the community club
house, meeting hall, and school
• On Fridays, it is mandatory for
all males to visit for a
communal service
• Is made with:
– Perfectly proportioned
domes (tiled or gilded)
– Tall towers
– Minarets- call to prayer and
• The more minarets, the
higher the status of the
mosque
Sacred places
Mecca:where
Muhammad was
born
Ka’ba in Mecca, Saudi Araia:In
the southeastern corner of the
Kaaba is the "Black Stone," an
object which Muslims believe was
given to Abraham by the angel
Gabriel.
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem: where Muhammad
ascended into heaven in order to receive God's
commandments.
Burial Practices
• Muslims practice natural burial, with the
deceased's body covered in shroud and with
the face facing Mecca, the holiest city in
Islam