Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Ancient Egyptian funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Plagues of Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Thebes, Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian medicine wikipedia , lookup
Index of Egypt-related articles wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian race controversy wikipedia , lookup
Prehistoric Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Middle Kingdom of Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Chapter 2 “Egypt” Sec. 1 The Nile River Valley A Mighty River • The Nile River - The Egyptians drank from it, bathed in it, used it for farming, cooking, and cleaning. • Provided fish and supported plant and animal life. • Nile began as 2 rivers • Blue Nile has its source in the mountains of eastern Africa. • White Nile starts in marshes in Central Africa. • The 2 rivers meet & form the Nile just south of Egypt. • Cataracts - Wild rapids in the Nile River than allow for only the last 650 miles where it flows through Egypt. • Shortly before the Nile reaches the Mediterranean Sea, it branches out over fertile soil called a delta. • On both sides of the Nile lie desert. To the west is the Sahara, the largest desert in the world • Egyptians took advantage of the Nile’s flooding to become successful farmers. • Grew more than enough food to provide for their families and animals. • Wise use of irrigation. • Egyptians used papyrus, a reed plants to make baskets, sandals, river rafts. • Egyptians used their papyrus rolls to write hieroglyphics. • As we discussed, only a few could write, those who could were called scribes. The rise of government • By 4000 B.C. Egypt was made up of 2 large kingdoms. • Nile delta was Lower Egypt • To the south, upriver, lay Upper Egypt. • 3100 B.C. the 2 kingdoms became one. Ruling Families • Credit for one kingdom goes to Narmer, also known as King Menes. • When Menes died, members of his family ruled for many years. • Such a line of rulers from one family is called a dynasty. • Over time, 31 dynasties, which lasted 2800 years ruled Egypt. • Historians group dynasties into 3 main time periods called kingdoms. • Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom. Egypt’s social structure Family Life • Father headed the family • Women could own and pass on property. • Upper class women were in charge of temples and could perform religious ceremonies. • Schooling was minimal, especially for females. Egypt’s Old Kingdom Sec.2 • Began around 2600 B.C. • Lasted 300 years • The King, or Pharaoh, ruled Egyptian life. Religion in Egypt • Worshipped many Deities, or gods and goddesses. • sun god Re. • Hapi: goddess of the Nile • Isis represented the loyal wife and ruled the dead with her husband Osiris. Life after Death • Egyptians believed the next life would be better than the one on earth. • Believed only Pharaohs and elite could enjoy the afterlife. • Believed the Pharaoh needed a body in the afterlife so they preserved the body here on Earth. But how? Embalming • Priest removed organs • Special salt then applied to the body • Body then filled with spices & perfumes then stitched closed • Cleaned with oils and wrapped with long strips of linen. Mummification The Pyramids • Built to protect the bodies of their Pharaohs. • The Great Pyramid was built for KING KHUFU and even today is guarded by the Sphinx. • Great Pyramid lies in Giza on the west bank of the Nile. The Egyptian Empire Sec 3 • The Middle Kingdom :2050 B.C. 1670 B.C. • Pharaoh’s moved the capital from Memphis to Thebes. • Middle Kingdom known as the “Golden Age of Stability.” The Hyksos • People from western Asia who attacked Egypt in 1670 B.C. • Mighty warriors • Used bronze weapons • Egyptians were easily defeated • Hyksos ruled for 120 years. • in 1550 B.C. an Egyptian Prince named Ahmose drove the Hyksos out of Egypt. • Ahmose reign began a period in Egypt known as the New Kingdom. A woman Ruler • 1473 B.C. Hatshepsut came to power in Egypt. • Ruled with her husband then alone after his death. • One of the few females who ever ruled Egypt. • After Hatshepsut dies, her nephew Thutmose III became pharaoh. • He reconquered all lost lands and became a great trade ruler. • Slavery becomes common in the new kingdom. • 1370 B.C., Amenhotep IV comes to power. With help from his wife Nefertiti they tried to move Egypt in a new direction. • Swept away all the old gods and installed a new god ATON. • Priest resisted so Amenhotep changed his name to Akhenaton which meant “spirit of Aton. King Tutankhamen • After Akhenaton’s death, his son-in-law inherited the throne. • The boy pharaoh, King Tut, was 10 years old. • After ruling 9 years, Tut died unexpectedly. It is believed he fell and broke a leg and that infection killed him. End of the New Kingdom • 1279-1213 B.C., Ramses II ruled Egypt. • He regained all lost lands. • After his death Egypt began to crumble. • In 670 B.C. after many rulers, the Assyrians conquered Egypt for good. Civilization of Kush • Region called Nubia, later called Kush, was a civilization south of Egypt along the Nile. • Nubian villages gradually took over all of the land to the south forming the Kingdom of Kerma. Kerma • Had gold, cattle, ivory, enslaved people. • Became a big trading partner of Egypt. • Became a very wealthy Kingdom. Egypt Invades • As we learned earlier. Egyptian King Thutmose III invaded the Nubians in 1400 B.C. taking over their land. • For the next 700 years the Nubians were ruled by Egypt. Rise of KUSH • In 850 B.C. Egypt began to decline. • Nubians saw this as their opportunity to break away. • Kingdom of Kush is formed • Next 300 years Kushite Kings rule from Napata, their capital. A New Capital • In 540 B.C. Kush’s ruler decided to leave Napata to escape the reach of the Assyrians. • City of Meroe is formed as the new capital of Kush. • Popular trading city.