Download chapter 2 early civilizations

CHAPTER 2
EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
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Section I Information
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What is a Civilization?
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Definition: a society in an advanced state of social
development
7 Categories that equal a civilization
1. Land Form – Where do you survive? What is the
land like?
2. Economics and Trade – How do you get new
things? Did they make their own money?
3. Power and Authority – Who is in charge? Who
has authority under the leader?
4. Social Structure – Who is on top and who’s not?
Who is most important in the society and who is not
important?
5. Science and Technology – What did they invent?
How does it work? How did it change their society?
6. Record Keeping – How did they write down
records and history of society?
7. Religion – How do they worship? What are the
main gods? Main religions?
The Nile Valley
Early inhabitants
called the Nile River
Valley “Kemet” Black land
 Nile River – 4,160mi
(worlds largest river)
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– River floods without
notice
– Cataracts make Nile
impossible to travel on
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United Egypt
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Monarchies – small
kingdoms ruled by
separate kings
Menes – 3000 B.C.
conquered all of Egypt
and ruled Memphis
– Set up the first dynasty
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Historians organize
Egyptian dynasties into 3
kingdoms
– Old Kingdom, Middle
Kingdom, New Kingdom
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Old Kingdom
(2700 B.C. – 2200B.C.)
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Egyptian people regarded their
king as a descendent of the
gods
Theocracy – Leader is the
political and religious leader
Bureaucracy – king delegated
responsibilities of the state to
these people
Built dams, canals and silos
Also built the 3 pyramids of
Giza
Believed kings watched over
the kingdom after their death
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Middle Kingdom
(2200 B.C. – 1800 B.C.)
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Kings in Memphis lost power:
chaos and violence pursued
2050B.C. – new dynasty
erupted in Thebes (lower
Egypt)
Accomplishments:
– Gained more land by invading
Syria
– Built a canal between Nile and
Red Sea for trade
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1700 B.C. Hyksos invaded
Egypt with bronze weapons
and chariots – no match
against stone
Ruled Egypt for 110 years
The New Kingdom
(1600 B.C. – 945 B.C.)
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Ahmose – Egyptian prince raised an army and drove out
the Hyksos
Pharaoh – “great house of the king”
Queen Hatshepsut – took over as pharaoh because her
son, Thutmose III was only four at the time
– Became first women to be pharaoh
– Built many tombs and temples throughout Egypt
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Thutmose III – killed mother and took over Egypt
– Conquered Syria and combined cultures
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Amenhotep (Akhenaton)- (1370) wanted to end
polytheism – belief in many gods
– Wanted people to only believe in the sun god – Aton
– Moved capital from Thebes to a new city dedicated to Aton
Queen Hatshepsut – Amhenhotep
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Tutankhamen – Took over next - moved the
capital back to Thebes
– Died very young of a fractured leg (new theory)
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Ramses II – wanted to return the prestige back
to Egypt – ruled for 67 years!
– At the battle of Kadesh in 1285 B.C. Egypt and long
time rival Hittites agreed to a treaty
– Agreed to help each other if one of them gets invaded
– After Ramses II died, Egypt was invaded by
Mediterranian invaders
– Kushites, Libyans and others ruled Egypt for the next
couple hundred years
Tutankhamen
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Ramses II
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Egypt
Seven Categories Civilization Chart
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Time: 2685 B.C. – 30 B.C.
Location: North East Africa
Major Cities: Memphis, Thebes
Land Forms
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Fertile land along Nile River
Nile River flows north 4,000 miles
Predictable flooding—creates rich soil
Flood– plant– harvest- flood- plant- harvest
Economics/Trade
– Traded with Mesopotamia and up and down the Nile
– Developed vast culture
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Power and Authority
– Pharaohs-leaders who were thought of as gods
– Theocracy ruler is divine figure
– Responsible for everything that went on—rain, sun, flood,
harvest
Social Structure
1. pharaohs, queen, royal family
2. merchants, artisans, scribes
3. peasants, farmers
4. slaves (later on)
Women could own & trade property and seek
divorce
People weren't held to position, could earn status if
they could read and write/slaves, loyal servants
 Science Technology
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– Developed a calendar 365 days, 12 months, 30 days each
– Developed medicine and performed surgeries
– Developed mathematical knowledge in adding and subtracting
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Record Keeping
– Hieroglyphics—carved
pictures into wall -man, in time, owl (m-
sound)
– Rosetta stone—written
Greek and in
hieroglyphics
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Religion
– Polytheistic—believed
in 2000 gods
– Egyptians believed in
afterlife—enjoyed by
non-sinners
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