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Geography of Early Egypt What enabled life to thrive in Egypt? THE NILE RIVER Nile River Longest river in the world (over 4,000 miles) Flows through rocky, hilly land This causes cataracts- rapids (6 total) Cataracts make it impossible to sail the whole river Nile River In Lower Egypt, Nile fans out and flows into the Mediterranean Sea Delta- triangle-shaped area of land made from soil deposited by a river Egyptian Farming • Nile flooded yearly (upper in summer, lower in fall) • Floods deposited silt • Silt = good for farming (Sound familiar????) Natural Barriers= Protection North- Mediterranean Sea West- Large desert East- Desert & Red Sea South- Cataracts 2 Regions of Ancient Egypt Lower Egypt = North Upper Egypt = South Nile runs south to north Elevation is higher in the south Egypt – Day 2 2 Kingdoms Emerge Food is bountiful (fish, fruit, vegetables, livestock, grains, ducks (yummy…)) More food = more people = cities = civilization! By 3200 B.C., two kingdoms develop – Lower & Upper Egypt Lower Egypt Near Nile Delta Capital- Pe Red Crown Upper Egypt Southern Nile Capital- Nekhen White Crown Menes (MEE-neez) Rose to power in Upper Egypt in 3100BC Wanted to unify kingdoms Armies invaded and took control of Lower Egypt Married a princess from Lower Egypt Menes Combined Crowns More Menes Historians argue he was the 1st Pharaoh Pharaoh- title of rulers of ancient Egypt, means “Great House” Establishes 1st dynasty Dynasty- Series of rulers from same family (The people think their rulers are divine!) More Menes Established Memphis, first capital of Egypt (near modern day capital – Cairo) Eventually, rivals challenged 1st Dynasty and took over to start 2nd Dynasty Over 2,500 years, about 30 dynasties would rule Egypt Egypt – Day 3 Egyptian History Timeline Old Kingdom 2700-2200BC Middle Kingdom 2050-1750BC New Kingdom 1550-1050BC The Old Kingdom Old Kingdom Old Kingdom- a time in Egyptian history that lasted around 500 years, 2700BC – 2200BC (Sargon conquers Sumer during this time) Pharaohs Believed to be gods Have absolute power Blamed for bad trade/war/crops (like a manager of Egypt for the gods) Khufu Ruled in 2500s BC Know very little about his life Best known for monuments built for him Pyramids of Giza Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops) at GizaLargest pyramid ever constructed (Approximately 450 feet tall) End of Old Kingdom Nobles take power from pharaohs Around 2200BC, the Old Kingdom fell Next 160 yrs. nobles ruled Egypt Society By the end of the Old Kingdom, Egypt had around 2 million people (Population of Houston, Texas) What do you think appeared as a result? (Hint 1: We saw it with Mesopotamia) (Hint 2: Triangle) Egypt- Day 4 80% of Egyptian people Egyptian Trade Egyptians traded with surrounding areas… Slaves Gold Copper Ivory Wood Egyptian Religion Egyptians were polytheists Built temples to honor gods Certain cities became associated with certain gods Many Egyptians have shrines in their homes Ptah - Creator of the world Anubis - God of the dead Re - God of the sun Osiris - God of the underworld Isis - Goddess of magic Horus - God of sky and pharaohs Thoth - God of wisdom Geb - God of Earth Afterlife Egyptians believed in an afterlife Afterlife- life after death When a person died their ka left their body Ka- a person’s life force A person’s ka had the same needs as a regular human… Burial Practices Egyptians believed that bodies must be preserved Ka needs to be able to recognize the body to return to it Mummification – the process used by Egyptians to preserve a dead body Burial Practices Only royalty & Egypt’s elite could afford to be mummified Elite- people of wealth and power Peasant families buried dead in shallow graves near desert (the hot, dry sand preserved the bodies naturally) Burial Practices Canopic Jars How to make a mummy… Remove all organs except the heart Body is stuffed with natron (dried out) Treated with oils Wrapped in bandages (with charms) Placed in stone coffin (sarcophagus) King Tut- Mummy Head Pyramids Pyramids- huge stone tombs with 4 triangle shaped sides that met in a point on top Egyptians were excellent engineers Engineering- the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes Building Pyramids Burial chamber was deep inside and after burial was sealed with large blocks Needed a massive labor force (as many as 100,000 may have been needed for 1 pyramid) Made with sleds and ramps? Workers were paid in goods