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Transcript
Chapter 2 Section 2 Ancient Egypt I. The Impact of the Nile • A. The Nile is the longest river in the world • 1. Runs over 4000 miles • 2. The North part is in Lower Egypt • 3. The South part is in Upper Egypt • B. The Nile floods every year making the soil around it fertile • 1. Extra food from the rich soil made Egypt wealthy • 2. The Nile helped transportation and communications which unified Egypt • C. Natural barriers protected Egypt from invaders • 1. Deserts to the west and east, the Red Sea and Mediterranean to the North, Southern Nile Rapid II. The Importance of Religion • A. The Egyptians were Polytheistic • 1. Land Gods and Sun Gods made daily life possible • B. the Sun God was worshipped as the source of Life • 1. Re was the Sun God • 2. Pharoh’s were seen as Son of Re • C. The story of the Gods Osiris and Isis explains the yearly flooding and rebirth the Nile brings III. The Course of Egyptian History • A. Egyptian history is divided into 3 periods: Old, Middle, and New Kingdom • B. Egyptian history begins in 3100 BC when Menes started the first dynasty • 1. Dynasty- a familiy of rulers Old Kingdom • Egyptian rulers became known as Pharaohs • Pharaohs had absolute power, but were helped by a bureaucracy- an administrative organization of officials and regulations • The vizier was the most powerful person after the pharaoh • Egypt was divided into 42 provinces, each had their own governor • Pyramids were built as tombs for Pharaohs • 1. Pyramids contained food, clothing and things for the afterlife • 2. Mummification- the proper way to prepare the body for the afterlife • Organs were removed and put in jars, the brain was removed through the nose • The body was covered in salt to absorb moisture then wrapped in linen • The largest pyramid was built in Giza in 2540 BC for King Khufu • The Great Sphinx was also built as Giza, it is the body of a lion and head of a man Middle Kingdom 20501652 BC • Portrayed as the Golden Age because Egypt expanded its borders • Pharaohs were expected to provide for their people’s welfare • Built canals and drained swamps • The Hyksos invaded from Asia to end the Middle Kingdom • Egyptians learned about chariots and bronze from the Hyksos New Kingdom • Pharaohs were fabulously wealthy and built beautiful temples • The first female pharaoh ruled: Hatshepsut • Akhenaton tried to make Eyptians monotheistic and worship only the sun God: which disrupted the empire • Tutankhamen brought back the old Gods when Akhenaton died • Ramses II brought back some of the empire but the new kingdom collapsed in 1085 BC • Cleopatra VII tried to regain Egyptian independence but instead brought Roman rule over Egypt IV Society in Ancient Egypt • • • • 1. Pharaohs 2. Nobles and Priests 3. Merchants and Artisans 4. Peasants who worked the land and served in the military • A. Marriage • • • • • 1. Married young 2. Wife ran the household and educated children 3. Marriages could end in divorce 4. Parents arranged marriages Women could be merchants, priestesses and even pharaoh V Other Achievements • Hieroglyphics- pictures and abstract forms used as writing • Hieratic Script- a simplified version of hieroglyphics • Pyramids, temples and monuments show achievements in art and architecture • Because of mummification, Egyptians were experts in human anatomy