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Transcript
Egypt THE NILE • Agricultural Nation • Land Values • Transportation Mesopotamia Egypt • Flooding irregular • Flooding predictable & destructive & beneficial • No natural borders • Natural borders of against enemies sea & desert • Rulers of different nationalities • Pessimistic • Mostly a dynastic succession • Optimistic • Gods cold & cruel • Gods good & & not to be trusted benevolent Problems in Studying Egyptian Chronology • Lack of a fixed system of reckoning years • Lack of any objective Egyptian Historians • Astronomical Dating Methods • Translating the Hieroglyphics Pyramid era Dynasties 11-12 1991 - 1786 Era of the biblical patriarchs New Kingdom Dynasties 18-20 1587 - 1085 Era of Moses and the Exodus 3rd Intermediate Period 2686 – 2181 Middle Kingdom 2nd Intermediate Period Dynasties 3-6 1st Intermediate Period Archaic Period Old Kingdom Lower Egypt Red Crown Upper Egypt White Crown Narmer Pallet also known as Pharaoh Menes 3000 B.C. Unification of Egypt Old Kingdom 2666 - 2161 B.C. Mastaba Step Pyramid of Djoser Step Pyramid of Djoser Bent Pyramid of Snefru Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops) Pyramids • Served as tombs • More than a hundred in Egypt • All on the west bank of the Nile First Intermediate Period 2181 - 1991 B.C. • Entrance of Bedouins • Advent of Pessimistic Literature Middle Kingdom 1991 - 1786 B.C. First Intermediate Period 2181 - 1991 B.C. • Entrance of Bedouins 11th Dynasty Goshen Suspicions against Israelites • Foreigners • Shepherds • Goshen • Religious differences Amenemhet III • Irrigation System • Record height of Nile 2nd Intermediate Period 1786 - 1567 B.C. • Heka Khasewt (“Chieftans of a foreign hill country”) • Hyksos (“Rulers of Countries”) • Semitic 18th Dynasty Hyksos Thebes Valley of the Kings Ahmoses Amenhotep I Thutmoses I Isit Thutmoses II Thutmoses III Merytre Ames Hatshepsut Nefrure HATSHEPSUT THUTMOSES III THUTMOSES III 1450 - 1425 B.C. Thutmoses IV 1425 - 1417 B.C. Isit Thutmoses II Thutmoses III Merytre Hatshepsut Nefrure Amenhotep II (Older Brother) Thutmoses IV Amenhotep III Amenhotep III Amarna From the King of Jerusalem to Amenhotep III The Habiru are plundering all the lands of the king. If no troops come in this very year, then all the lands of the king are lost. Amenhotep IV Akhenaton Tutankhamum • Boy-king – 9 years old • Changed name from Tutankhaton to Tutankhamun • Return to old religious system • Lack of military strength Howard Carter • 1922 • Valley of the Kings Ark Tabernacle containing the organs of the king Ay • Co-regent of Tutankhaum • Tried to marry Ankhesenamun, widow of Tutankhamun • Letter to Suppiluliumas, king of the Hittites. My husband, Nibkururia has recently died and I have no son. But your sons, they say, are many. If you will send me a son of yours, he shall become my husband. Hittites Egypt Horemheb 1348-1320 B.C. 19th Dynasty Rameses I Seti Rameses II Hittites Kadesh Rameses II Egypt Rameses II & the Hittites Merneptah Merneptah Stele Sea Peoples Rameses III Rameses III Solomon Shishak