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Ancient Egypt: A Glance Back in Time
Ancient Egypt
Described as the gift of Egypt, the Nile River was
the basis for the great Egyptian civilization. The
Egyptian civilization was an advanced one with a
strong government a complex writing style and
unique beliefs about life and death.
The topics being covered around
the theme of Ancient Egypt are:
The Old Kingdom
Gods and Serving the Gods
Mummification and Preparing for the
afterlife
Pyramids
Great temples
The role of women
Hieroglyphics and hieratic
Rosetta Stone
Art
The Pyramids of Egypt
“Man fears time,
Yet time fears the pyramids.”
-Arab Proverb
The beginning of pyramids
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Ancient Egyptians believed that their dead would travel to the Underworld in
their death but only if their body was preserved.
Mastabas were used to protect and honor the dead. A mastaba is a
rectangular tomb made of stone.
A Pharaoh named Djoser wanted to have a tomb more spectacular than a
normal mastaba. His architect, Imhotep, came up with the 60 meter high
Step Pyramid which was six mastabas placed on top of each other in
decreasing size. This was an early predecessor of the true pyramid form.
A Pharaoh named Sneferu, a descendant of Djoser, also wanted a
spectacular tomb. His architect answered this with the Bent Pyramid,
named so because the angle of the pyramid was decreased when half way
through its construction faults began to form. The 341 ft tall Red Pyramid is
the first true pyramid still remaining.
The Great Pyramid of Kufu
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Pharaoh Kufu of Cheops built his eternal
resting place on the Giza Plateau. He began
this project in 2589 B.C. and completed it in
2566 B.C.
When this granite pyramid was first built it was
481 ft including the limestone casing blocks,
but toay it stands 449 ft tall. It was the world’s
tallest structure for more than 4,00 years until
the building of the Eiffel Tower.
Over 2,300,000 blocks of stone each weighing
between 2.5 to 9 tons each. These blocks
were pulled up mud and brick ramps and then
set into place. They were placed together so
well that you cannot slip a piece of paper
between two stones.
The sides of the pyramid measure 227 meters.
Ten entire football fields would fit within the
base of the Great Pyramid. It is so accurate
that the error margin is less then one percent.
Each corner was exactly in line with a cardinal
direction (East, West, South, and North).
The pyramid of Khafre
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Pharaoh Khafre, the son of
Pharaoh Kufu, followed in his
father’s footsteps and built a
pyramid at Giza that was slightly
shorter than Kufu’s pyramid. His
pyramid complex includes the
Sphinx, a Mortuary Temple, and a
Valley Temple. His is the only
pyramid at Giza that still has the
original limestone casing.
This pyramid was built between
2558 and 2532 B.C. and stands at
446 ft although it was originally 471
ft tall.
The exact number of stones used
is unknown but each block weighs
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from 2.5 to 7 tons each.
The pyramid of Menkaure
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Pharaoh Menkaure, son of
Pharaoh Khafre and grandson of
Pharaoh Kufu, went along with
family tradition and built the third
and last pyramid at the Giza
complex.
The exact date that this pyramid
was built is undetermined but it
was more than a thousand years
old when Herodotus, a Greek
historian, visited the Giza
complex.
This pyramid was originally 215
ft tall but now it stands at 203
feet. Each block of stone weighs
between 2.5 to 7 tons each.
Works Cited
Unknown. “The Great Pyramids.” The Great Pyramids. Date published unknown.
<http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Atrium/1157/pyramids.html >
(9/30/2003).
Unknown. “Red Pyramid.” Red Pyramid. Unknown publication date.< http://www.crystalinks.com/redpyr.html >
(9/30/2033).
Unknown. “Bent Pyramid.” Bent Pyramid. Unknown publication date.http://www.crystalinks.com/bentpyr.html
(9/30/2003).
PBS. “The Pyramids” The Pyramids. Unknown publication date. < http://pbs.org/wgbh/nova/pyramid.html >
(9/30/2003).
Unknown. “The Great Pyramids.” The Great Pyramids. Unknown publication date.
< http://www.kingtutone.com/pyramids.html > (9/30/2003).
Ancient Egyptian Art
Millie Hardison
10/2/03
Ancient Egyptian Art
•In the Egyptian form of art
called Frontalism the people are
always drawn in profile
•But the eyes are drawn in full
•And the body is drawn from the
front
•This is an example of ancient
Egyptian art and it is draw in
fontalism
•In this picture there is a noble
hunting fowl and cat
Ancient Egyptian Art
• The
Ancient Egyptian also made
sculptures
•The sculpture to the left is made of
wood and is an example of
frountalism
• The sculpture is named Sheik
Ancient Egyptian Art
•Later the sculptures
were made from
stone such as this
one
• This was known as
Menkue and his
Queen
• This sculpture
could not stand
freely because of
the slight
unevenness
• It was dated to be
older than Sheik
• This sculpture
was a way to show
authority
Ancient Egyptian Art
Works Sited
Kremen, Lisa. “Understanding Egyptian Art.” Ancient Egypt
A History of Art and Culture. 12/17/96.
http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/Egypt/egyptia
n_art.html (2 Sept. 2003).
The Old Kingdom
Sunmi Lee 
What is the Old Kingdom?
• The two kingdoms (Upper
Egypt- south & Lower Egyptnorth) were unified by King
Narmer, Menes
• about 2664- 2180 B.C.
• The pyramid age (3rd to 6th
dynasties) of ancient Egypt
– Ruling family (power passed
one dynasty to another)
• Pharaohs- Egyptian rulers
(believed to be a god)
A Strong Government
Pharaohs
(depended on vizier)
Vizier, or chief minister
(supervise the business government)
Tax collection
farming
Irrigation system
Beliefs on after life
• Pyramids
– Tombs for eternity
– Provided dead kings with
everything they would need
in their new lives (clothes,
jewelries, or even slaves)
– All made by human
– Take a long time to built
that pharaoh even begins
to make his tomb right after
he gets power
Hope Scott
Hope Scott
Preparation for the Afterlife
• Burials customs for Egyptians called that
the body be preserved. This process was
given ample time once it was known that a
ruler might die
• The afterlife was to be the same as the life
you lived on earth.
Supplies for the Afterlife
• Since the afterlife was considered to be a continuation of
your life on earth, everyday materials were supplied in
the tomb
• Materials such as writing supplies, clothing, wigs,
hairdressing supplies and other tools
• Food was also provided for the deceased daily, by it
magically transforming to the model that was drawn on
the walls of the tomb
• There were also blessings written on the wall, so that
they would be said once the owner got the food.
Shabtis
• After the annual floods of the Nile, the
population of Egypt was subject to compulsory
labor on the irrigation system
• Shabtis was a statuette that took the place of
ones labor in the afterlife so the deceased person
would not have labor
• The Shabtis was placed in tombs around the
Middle Kingdom(2040-1640BC).
• During the third intermediate period, Shabtis
was placed in a special box, in the tomb.
Parts of Personality
• XAt: Mummy in the tomb, after the house of ba
• kA: The double individual of the person, printed as a
duplicate in the tomb
• Ax: The transfigured spirit, which was transferred
after the funeral rituals were completed
• Rn: Name of the person, which was in scripted on
the funerary texts, on papyrus or the tomb walls
• Swt: Protected the individual from harm
• Ba: Human Headed bird
Works Cited
• O’Brian, Alexandra A. “Death in Ancient
Egypt” Oriental Institute Research
Archives. 1996-1999. http://wwwoi.uchicago.edu (30 Sept 2003) .
Egyptian Mummification
By Chandler Knight
What is Mummification?
• The preservation of a
body, either human or
animal.
• There are 3 ways a
mummy can be
preserved and they
are wet, frozen, or
dried.
Http://members.aol.com/egyptart/mummy.html
Why Egyptians were Mummified
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The physical body, shadow, name,
ka (spirit), ba (personality), and
the akh (immortality).
These are the 6 aspects that
Egyptians believed to be
important.
Each aspect played an important
role in the well being of an
individual. Each was crucial to
achieve rebirth into afterlife.
The Egyptians believed that by
mummifying their dead they were
assuring the person a successful
journey into the afterlife.
http://members.aol.com/egyptart/mummy.html
How the Bodies were Mummified
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By eliminating the bodies moisture you eliminate decay.
By using Natron (a salt mixture) they dried the bodies.
Natron- natural substance found in the Nile River
Natrons four salts
– Sodium carbonate- dried the body by drawing out the water
– Sodium bicarbonate- increase the pH in the body which kills
bacteria when subjected to any kind of moisture.
– Sodium chloride
– Sodium sulfate
http://members.aol.com/egyptart/mummy.html
Egyptian Gods
By: Ligon Brooks
Ra
• Sun God, King of the
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Gods
Ra is sees as a falcon
with a sun disk on its
head or a man with a
falcon’s head
Osiris
 God of the dead
 Osiris is shone dressed in white with
crook and flail and green skin
 Husband to Isis and father of Horus
Isis
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Queen of Goddess
Shown with a crown on her head
Wife of Osiris and mother of Horus
Other Gods
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Seth- god of the desert, storm and violence
Hathor- goddess of love, music, and dance
Nut- sky goddess and Geb- earth god
Thoth- god of wisdom
Ma’at- goddess of justice
Bastet- cat god
Anubis- god of embalming
Amun- god of ceation
Source
“Egyptian gods”.Edkins
Family.http://www.gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo
/egypt.htm.(9/30/03)
Serving the Gods in
ServingEgypt
the Gods in
Ancient
Ancient Egypt
Taylor McEwen
Taylor McEwen
Egyptian Temples
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Egyptian temples were said to be the
homes of the gods and goddesses
Each temple was dedicated to a god
or goddess and he/she was
worshipped there
The large temples were made of stone
so that they would last forever.
Walls of the temple were covered with
scenes that were carved into stone
and then painted.
The scenes showed pharaohs fighting
in battles and performing rituals with
the gods and goddesses
Offering Rituals
• Food and drink were put
before the god.
• They believed in keeping the
gods happy because they
thought the god would provide
them with protection and bring
them wealth
• They offered joints of meat,
roasted fowl, bread, fruits,
vegetables.
• Offering always included
flowers bound in garland.
Sanctuaries
• Sanctuary was
located inside the
temple
• Shrines were built
where the statue of a
god/goddess would
have lived
Women In Ancient
Egypt
Drenika Mosby
The Status of Women in
Egyptian Society
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Women and men are equal
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Legal rights were based on
social classes not gender
When the Greeks conquered
Egypt in 332 B.C.E,
Egyptian women had more
rights than Greek women
Egyptian women could
manage, own, and sell land
Women can also have slaves
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Marriage
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A girl/women got married when
she was 14, or when she begin to
menstruate
Her husband was anywhere from
17-20 or a divorced man
A important part of marriage was
birth, death and rebirth
The placed false penises on the
male mummies and false breasts
on the women mummies
Divorce was a private matter the
government did not interfere
Fertility
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Pregnancy was important to an
Egyptian women
A fertile woman was an
successful woman
For a man to father a child that
would prove his “manliness”
Midwives used spells to protect
the expectant women
A purification ritual for females
followed fourteen days after
giving birth
A Egyptian mother named her
child immediately following birth
incase the child dies and it would
have a name in after life
YJulie SaderY
ClickNext
~This temple (belonging to Hatshepsut, who ruled Egypt during
the Greek/Roman period) was found under decades of sand,
engraved into the side of a mountain near the banks of the Nile
~The architect was Senmut, Hatshepsut’s lover for more than 20
titles
~Two ramps connect the three levels and there are sphinxes with
Hatshepsut’s head at the entrance
~The temple is said to be dedicated to her so called parents
Amon and Hathor
~For Senmut’s work, he was awarded with enough money for him
to build himself his own temple, not too far away from his
Hatshepsut’s
ClickPrevious
ClickNext
http://www.bediz.com/hatshep/temple.html
Click The End
http://www.ehabweb.net/hatshebsut_temple.html
Egyptian Hieroglyphics
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History of Hieroglyphics
Language started in 3000 B.C.
Last know text is from 394 A.D
Used for religious purposes as well as
economical purposes in Egypt
One of the first languages in the world
Hieroglyphics were known as the
“words of God”
The first hieroglyphics were pictograms
that depicted objects
Then they moved to more complex
writing called ideograms which
symbolized an idea or action
The language was found in 1799 by one
of Napoleon's solders in a stone, know
as the Rosetta Stone, but the language
was hard to translate
In 1822 a French scholar named
Champollion discovered the
hieroglyphic language
The language was lost for 1500 years
The Hieroglyphic alphabet
• Hieroglyphic's can be written: left to right, right to left,
and up to down
• There are over 2,000 hieroglyphic symbols
• There are three different kinds of signs in the
Hieroglyphic language: Alphabetic signs, Syllabic signs
and Determinative signs.
Work Cited and your name in Hieroglyphics
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Your Name in Hieroglyphics http://www.7cs.com/nomhiero.htm
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Ellis, Elisabeth and Anthony Esler. World History. New Jersey: Upper Saddle River,
2003.
Strachen, Richard and Kathleen Roetzel. “Ancient Egyptian Culture.” The Story of the
Rosetta Stone,” Finding a Lost Language.” 1997.
http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/hieroglyphics/rosetta.com (1
Oct. 2003)
Unknown. “Hieroglyphics.” Hieroglyphics. Unknown Publication date.
http://www.eyelid.co.uk/hiero1.html (1 Oct. 2003)
Unknown. “Hieroglyphics Overview.” Hieroglyphics Writing. Unknown Publication
date.
Http://www.greatscott.com/hier/hiero_over.html (1 Oct. 2003)
Unknown. “Explore Ancient Egypt.” Explore Ancient Egypt.
http://www.mfa.org/egypt/explore%5Fancient%5Fegypt/hiero%5Fwr (1 Oct.
2003)
Unknown. “Egyptian Hieroglyphic Alphabet.” Egyptian Hieroglyphic Alphabet.
Http://www,jimloy.com/hiero/alpha.htm (1 Oct. 2003)
Class, Ashley. “Hieroglyphics.” Egyptian Writing.
https://wedsever.sms.org/intranet/classes/history/worldhist/egyptproject/Aclass.
html ( 1 Oct. 2003)
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The Rosetta Stone
By Chelsea Jacobs
Physical features
1 meter high
70 centimeters
wide
30 centimeters
deep
Very heavy
What is the Rosetta Stone?
A stone with writing in 2 languagesEgyptian and Greek
3 scripts of Egypt used- hieroglyphic,
demotic, Greek
Written in 3 scripts so that priests,
government officials, and rulers could
understand what it said
Discovery
Carved in 196 B.C
Found in 1799 by French soldiers who
were rebuilding Egypt
Found in small village near the DeltaRosetta
Translation
Written by priests to
honor Pharaoh
Lists all things
pharaoh has done
that are good for
Egypt
Before the Rosetta
Stone no one could
uncover the mystries
hieroglyphics held
Helped to decipher
hieroglyphics
Francois
Champollion
translated
hieroglyphics in 1822
Champollion figured
out what the 7
demitic signs were
and by looking at
hoe these signs were
used he could
uncover what they
stood for
Works Cited
Andrew Oakley. “The Rosetta Stone.” Kids
Konnnect. 2000
<http://.kidskonnect.com/AntientEgypt/Ros
ettaStone.html> (September 30, 2003)
“The Rosetta Stone”
<file://c:\windows\TEMP\9AOKY8H3.htm>