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Transcript
Chapter 2: Ancient Middle East and Egypt 3200 B.C.-500 B.C. Section 1: City-States of Ancient Sumer Early Civilizations arose in the Fertile Crescent • The Fertile Crescent was influenced by various groups: • -nomads • -invaders • -traders • This resulted in cultural diffusion • Geography Influences the Fertile Crescent • Mesopotamia lies within the Fertile Crescent • This was the sight of the worlds first civilization, Sumer (3300 B.C.) • Mesopotamia was subjected to yearly floods of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers • Villagers had to work together to control the rivers to ensure survival • Supervision was needed to oversee the building of: • dikes • irrigation ditches • This was an early form of local government • The Sumerians were able to build cities despite few natural resources (brick) • The Sumerians also traded with far away lands which implies they had invented the wheel • Sumerian Civilization Takes Shape • • • • • • • • Sumer consisted of 12 city-states They were protected by war leaders Over time this evolved into heredity rule City-states had a social hierarchy: -ruling family, leading officials, high priests -lesser priests, scribes, merchants, artisans -peasant farmers, slaves Sumerian women were higher socially than most women of the time • Women had fewer legal rights than men however • Sumerians were polytheistic • To keep the gods happy, Sumerians built large ziggurats to honor them • They believed in an after life which resembled hell rather than heaven • Sumerians invented writing known as cuneiform • Cuneiform was used for most day to day activities • Lasting Legacy of Sumer • By 1900 b.c. the Sumerians had been wiped out by invaders • Sumerians left behind a lasting legacy: • -cuneiform • -astronomy • -mathematics • -60 minute hour • Most important was Sumerian culture being passed on to the Greeks and Romans • Pg 30 Vocab • Pg 34 3-5 • (pg 37 1-7) • Section 2: Invaders, Traders and Empire Builders • First Empires Arise in Mesopotamia • Powerful invader rulers created a wellorganized empire • Sargon created the worlds first empire around 2300 b.c. • He ruled with the help of local rulers who served as kings • By 1790 b.c. Hammurabi controlled most of Mesopotamia • He made sure that laws were written down • He had about 300 laws known as Hammurabi’s Code • Hammurabi distinguished between civil and criminal law • Civil: private rights and matters • husbands had legal rights over wives • husbands had legal duty to support their wives • Criminal: dealt with offenses against others • This code discouraged people taking the law into their own hands • Punishments were extremely harsh, but imposed social order • Hammurabi also improved the irrigation system and created a well trained army • Conquests Bring New Empires and Ideas • The Hittites came to the region around 1400 b.c. • They had a knowledge of iron which produced stronger weapons and tools • By 1100 b.c. the Assyrians came to the region and were one of the most feared • They promoted social order, and created the worlds first library • By 625 b.c. the Babylonians had taken over the area • Their leader, Nebuchadnezzar, built up the city of Babylon to one of the greatest of the time • The Persians Establish a Huge Empire • The Persians claimed the area around 539 b.c. • The Persians, under Cyrus, created the largest empire up to that time • Unlike other conquerors, the Persians accepted and respected the customs of the people they conquered • The Persian Empire was united under Darius Ist • He broke the empire into provinces, each ruled by a governor • Darius drew up a single set of laws for his empire • He improved transportation by building hundreds of miles of roads • He encouraged the use of coins making the transition from barter to money economy • The Persians became monotheistic believing in good vs. evil • Contributions of Phoenician Sea Traders • Phoenicians were Mediterranean sailors who set up colonies in trading areas • They established the first written alaphabet • Pg 44 3-8 Section 3: Kingdom of the Nile • Ancient Egypt has two regions: • -Upper Egypt (south) • -Lower Egypt (north) • Both regions were united in 3100 b.c. by King Menes • The Nile acted as a highway between north and south • The river was a major source of revenue for Egyptian trade merchants • The Old Kingdom Forms • Ancient Egypt is divided into 3 periods: • -Old Kingdom (2575 b.c. – 2130 b.c.) • -Middle Kingdom (1938 b.c. – 1630 b.c.) • -New Kingdom (1539 b.c. – 1075 b.c.) • In the Old Kingdom, Pharaohs created a strong centralized state • Pharaohs were viewed as both divine and human • Pharaohs set up bureaucracies to ensure an orderly run government • The pyramids were built during the Old Kingdom in necropolises (cemeteries) • The Turbulent Middle Kingdom • The Old Kingdom collapsed due to power struggles and the cost of building the pyramids • The Middle Kingdom was plagued by problems • In 1700 b.c. foreign invaders known as Hyksos invaded and controlled the area for 100 years • The Hyksos were so impressed with the Egyptians that they adopted their culture and ushered in the New Kingdom • New Kingdom Egypt Grows Strong • During this period, a large Egyptian Empire was built • Many powerful rulers, including women, served during this period • Egypt fought with it’s neighbors, and the worlds first peace treaty was signed between Egyptians and Hittites • By 1100 b.c. invasions led to the decline of Egypt • The Greeks followed by the Romans eventually took control of the fertile area • Pg 44 vocab • Pg 48 3-5 • • • • • • • • Section 4 Egyptian Civilization Religion Shapes Life in Ancient Egypt Egyptians were polytheistic Their chief gods were the sun god Re and lord of the gods Amon-Re Osiris was the god of the dead and of the Nile In 1380 b.c. the Pharaoh Akhenaton challenged beliefs in many gods, but he faced much resistance How Egyptians viewd the Afterlife Egyptians believed that one had to pass tests to win eternal life • Sinners would be fed to the eater of the dead • Non sinners would go to Happy Field of Food • Egyptians buried the dead with everything needed in the afterlife • Mummification was used to preserve bodies to use in the next life • Egyptians Organize their Society • The Egyptians used the pyramid structure of society • At the bottom were the peasants, most of whom were farmers • Women held higher social status than other women of the area • Egyptians make Advances in Learning • Egyptians developed an advanced writing system • Hieroglyphics was a complex system of symbols and pictures • Hieratic was a simpler everyday form of writing • Egyptians were also skilled in mathematics, science and astronomy • Doctors could perform complex operations • They created the 12 month 30 day calendar • They created geometry by redrawing their fields after floods • Egyptians Develop Arts and Literature • They left behind statutes, paintings and poems • Paintings portrayed scenes from everyday life • Literature included prayers, poems and folk stories • Pg 50 vocab, pg 56 3-6 • Section 5: Roots of Judaism • The Ancient Israelites were the first major group to be monotheistic • They recorded events and laws in the Torah, first five books of the Bible • The leader, or father of the Israelites was Abraham around 2000 b.c. • Israelites believe that God and Abraham made a covenant • They believed that they were God’s chosen people • Moses also entered into a covenant with God and led the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt • Around 1000 b.c. the Israelites established the kingdom of Israel • Kings of Israel transformed it into a magnificent city dedicated to God • High taxes caused much division among the Israelites • This caused two kingdoms to form: • -Israel in the North • -Judah in the South • The Assyrians and the Babylonians invaded and defeated both kingdoms • Eventually most settled in Judah and became known as Jews • Judaism Teaches About Law and Morality • The Torah contained many laws, including moral principles • Men held the greatest legal and moral authority • The Ten Commandments are the most important Jewish Laws • Prophets taught ethics and reminded Jewish people of their duties • Eventually Jews were spread out over the area, and survived in small groups • Today they have influenced Christians and Muslims • Pg 57 vocab, pg 60 3-5