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The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization” Mesopotamia Sumerians Land between two rivers (Tigris & Euphrates Rivers) Located in southern Iraq The flat land was vulnerable to attackers – City states: cities that had control of surrounding land – Example: Sumer by 3000 B.C.E. had 12 city states Sumerian Religion Polytheistic Enki Deciphering Cuneiform Innana 1 Empire of Hammurabi 1792 B.C.B.C.-1750 B.C. Great warrior; conquered most of Mesopotamia Code of Hammurabi: earliest code of law – collection of 282 laws; based on JUSTICE – Laws focused on the family – “Eye for an Eye” and “A tooth for a tooth” – Penalties differed for the same crime Empire of Hammurabi 1792--1750 1792 Based in the citycity-state Babylon Patriarchal society: dominated by men – Women’s duties were in the home The Babylonian Empires Egypt A. Stable civilization B. Lasted a long time 2700 B.C.--1085 B.C. B.C. C. Very advanced; Nile flooded regularly 1. People planned for this, and felt secure 2. History divided into 3 periods Old Kingdom 2700 B.C. -2200 B.C. Pharaohs: powerful monarchs presided over the kingdom Egyptians believed kingship was divine 1. Pharaoh was equal to deity 2. Polytheists: believed in many Gods Middle Kingdom 2200 B.C.B.C.-1652 B.C. Egyptians learned to make bronze weapons and war chariots New Kingdom 1652 B.C.B.C.- 1085 B.C. The Egyptians built a large empire 1. For a while the most powerful in SW Asia 2. But it grew too large 3. A number of people invaded 2 Egyptian Social Hierarchy An Egyptian Woman’s “MustHaves” Mirror Perfume Whigs Materials Used in Mummification Preparation for the Afterlife 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Linen Sawdust Lichen Beeswax Resin 6. Natron 7. Onion 8. Nile Mud 9. Linen Pads 10. Frankincense Abraham’s Genealogy HAGAR ABRAHAM Ishmael 12 Arabian Tribes SARAH Isaac Jacob Esau 12 Tribes of Israel 3 Abraham 1900 B.C.E •Father of Israel- led his people out of Ur to Canaan Moses: leader of the Israelites •Prophet: religious teacher sent from God •Made a covenant (2-way promise with God) • Monotheistic: belief in one god •There was a DROUGHT -some fled to Egypt & were enslaved “Prince of Egypt” The Exodus “Shepherd of His People” Judaism •1st monotheistic religion: belief in 1 god •Most live in Israel or US •14,535,000 followers Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt “I am the Lord thy God…Thou shalt have no other gods before me.” –Exodus 20:2-3 Yahweh •Jewish God •Symbol: Star of David •Place of worship: synagogue •Leaders: rabbis The Torah The first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible. •Creator & Ruler of the world (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy) •Watches over, cares for/loves & protects his people The most sacred text in the Jewish religious tradition. •Holds them accountable for their actions •Serve God by studying Torah & living by its teachings Yahweh’s “Covenant” With His People Contains laws & practices 4