Download Chapter 4, Section 1: Geography and Ancient Egypt

Bell Work
9/25 or 9/26
Complete bell work in your Journal. Write the
questions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Who is considered the “father” of the Hebrews?
Where were the Hebrews located (promise land)?
What made the Hebrews different from others around
them?
Who were the 3 Kings of Israel?
Describe who and how the Hebrews came into contact
with the people/groups around them.
What are 2 other names given to the Hebrews?
The laws of ___________ are formed from the early Hebrew
Story (religion)?
Clear Your Desk and take out
something to grade your quiz with…
• Listen to the correct answers
• Mark the answers incorrect and write the correct letter for that
question
• Look at the questions missed and ask questions, if needed
• Take 10 minutes to begin your quiz corrections
• Quiz Corrections will be due Monday, 9/30
• 12-15 question Benchmark to measure your knowledge thus far
in the class (Chapter 1-3, and Chapter 7-1)
• Unit 2 Exam will be on your block day next week
– Chapter 3 (Mesopotamia)
– Chapter 7; Section 1 (Early Hebrews)
– Chapter 4 (Egypt)
Think-Pair-Share
In what context have we mentioned
Africa before?
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Africa
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Chapter 4, Section 1: Geography
and Ancient Egypt
Page 86-89
Title of Notes:
Geography and Ancient Egypt
The Big Idea
The water, fertile soils, and protected setting of the Nile Valley allowed a great
civilization to arise in Egypt around 3200 BC.
Main Ideas
• Egypt was called the gift of the Nile because the Nile River gave life to the desert.
• Civilization developed along the Nile after people began farming in this region.
• Strong kings unified all of Egypt.
Main Idea 1:
Egypt was called the gift of the
Nile because the Nile River gave
life to the desert.
• The Nile River brought life to Egypt and allowed it to thrive.
• Biannual flooding of the Nile made farming possible
– People waited on the floods and called them life giving miracles
Features of the Nile
• The Nile is the longest river in the world, with a distance of over 4,000
miles.
• Ancient Egypt included two regions, a southern and a northern region,
that were given their names by their relation to the Nile (south to north)
– Northern Region (Lower Egypt)
– Southern Region (Upper Egypt)
• At several points, the rough terrain caused cataracts, or rapids, to form.
– Made sailing difficult
• The Nile divided into several branches, forming a delta, a triangular area of
land made from soil deposited by a river.
– 2/3 of Egypt’s farmland was located in the Nile Delta
The Floods of the Nile
• Little rain fell in the Egyptian desert, but the Nile flooded every year in the
summer and fall.
• The Nile’s flooding coated the land around it with a rich silt that made the soil
ideal for farming.
• Without the floods, people could never have farmed in Egypt *****
– Black Land- Fertile
– Red Land-Dry/Lifeless
Map Activity
• Use an entire sheet of paper in
your journal.
• Construct a map of the Ancient
Egypt (87).
• Identify and label the following
on the map and
• Make a legend using colors.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Red Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Nile River
Direction of the current
Upper Egypt
Lower Egypt
Western Desert and Eastern
Desert (red land)
Nile Delta (black land)
Nubia
Kush
Cataracts
Sinai Peninsula
The Canaan
Main Idea 2:
Civilization developed along the
Nile after people began farming in
this region.
• The Nile provided both water and fertile soil for farming.
• Egypt’s location offered another advantage because it had natural barriers that
made it hard to invade.
• Many types of fish, wheat, barley, fruits, and vegetables
• Like the Mesopotamians, they had a varied diet.
Main Idea 3:
Strong kings unified all of Egypt.
• According to tradition, Menes rose to power in Upper Egypt and unified the two
kingdoms (wearing 2 crowns representing both kingdoms) by taking control of
Lower Egypt and by marrying a Lower Egyptian princess.
• Menes was probably Egypt’s first pharaoh, the title used by the rulers of Egypt.
• He also founded Egypt’s first dynasty, or series of rulers from the same family.
• Made Memphis the capital of Egypt
• The First Dynasty lasted for about 200 years and extended Egyptian territory
southward along the Nile.
Chapter 4, Section 2: The Old
Kingdom
The Old Kingdom
The Big Idea
Egyptian government and religion were closely
connected during the Old Kingdom.
Main Ideas
• In early Egyptian society, pharaohs ruled as gods and were at the top of the social
structure.
• Religion shaped Egyptian life.
• The pyramids of Egypt were built as tombs for the pharaohs.
Main Idea 1:
In early Egyptian society, pharaohs
ruled
as gods and were at the top of
the social structure.
•
The Old Kingdom was a period in which the Egyptians developed a
system based on the belief that the pharaoh was both a king and a god.
•
As the population grew, social classes appeared.
•
Egypt began to trade goods with its neighbors.
Egyptian Society
• Social classes
– Pharaohs ruled Egypt as gods.
– Many nobles, or people from rich and powerful families, were officials and
priests who helped run the government.
– Scribes and craftspeople wrote and produced goods.
– Farmers, servants, and slaves made up most of Egyptian society.
Main Idea 2:
Religion shaped Egyptian life.
The Egyptians had gods
for nearly everything,
including the sun, the
sky, and the earth.
These gods would often
mix human and animal
forms.
Egyptian religion
focused on the afterlife,
or life after death.
They believed that
when a person died, his
or her ka left the body
and became a spirit.
They developed
embalming to preserve
bodies and keep the
link between the body
and the spirit. The
specially treated bodies
wrapped in cloth were
called mummies.
Major Egyptian gods/goddesses to
know
• Anubis: god of the dead (human-animal mix)
• Re, or Amon Re: the sun god
• Osiris: the god of the underworld
• Isis: goddess of magic
• Horus: Sky god, god of the pharaohs
Abbreviated Steps of the
Mummification Process
1. Removal of the Brain (through the nose with a hook)
2. Removal of Internal Organs (except the heart)
3. Embalming the Body
•
•
•
Soak the body in Natron (nay-tron)
Dry out for ~40 days
Stuff the body with oils and perfumes
4. Wrapping the Body
•
•
•
15 days
Yards of Linen
Decoration to linens was done before wrapping
What is “ka?”
Mummification Video
2:45
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L9k5NuJL
UkQ
Main Idea 3:
The pyramids of Egypt were built
as tombs for the pharaohs.
Pyramids are huge
stone tombs with four
triangular sides that
meet in a point on the
top. Historians are
unsure how they were
built.
Pyramids displayed
amazing engineering,
or the application of
scientific knowledge for
practical purposes.
The size and shape of
the pyramids showed
the importance of
pharaohs. They were
the people’s link to the
gods, so the Egyptians
wanted their spirits to
be happy.
Chapter 4, Section 3: The Middle
and New Kingdoms
The Middle and New Kingdoms
The Big Idea
During the Middle and New Kingdoms, order and greatness were restored in Egypt.
Main Ideas
• The Middle Kingdom was a period of stable government between periods of
disorder.
• In the New Kingdom, Egyptian trade and military power reached their peak, but
Egypt’s greatness did not last.
• Work and daily life were different for each of Egypt’s social classes.
Main Idea 1:
The Middle Kingdom was a period
of stable government between
periods of disorder.
Following a period of
competition for power
between the nobles and
the pharaohs, the
Middle Kingdom began.
Egypt was united for
nearly 300 years
Egypt fell into disorder
around 1750 BC. A
group called the Hyksos
(Hick-sos) invaded and
ruled the region for
200 years.
The Egyptians fought
back, and Ahmose of
Thebes declared himself
king and drove the
Hyksos out of Egypt,
beginning the New
Kingdom.
Main Idea 2:
In the New Kingdom, Egyptian
trade and military power reached
their peak, but Egypt’s greatness did
not last.
• Fearing future invasions, the Egyptians took control of all possible invasion
routes into the kingdom.
• Egypt took over vast lands and was the leading military power in the area.
• Egypt became rich because of the lands it conquered.
Growth and Effects of Trade
• Conquests brought traders into contact with distant lands, and trade routes, or
paths followed by traders, developed.
• Queen Hatshepsut encouraged trade and used the profits to support the arts and
architecture.
• Led by Ramses the Great, Egypt fought invaders for many years, leaving their
empire diminished. (biography on page 101)
Main Idea 3:
Work and daily life were different
for each of Egypt’s social classes.
• The complex society required people to take on many different kinds of jobs.
• Family life was very important in Egyptian society, and most Egyptians lived in
their own homes.
– Women had many legal rights, including owning property, making contracts,
and divorcing their husbands.
Egyptian Jobs
Scribes
Few people were more
respected than scribes.
They did not have to
pay taxes, and many
became wealthy.
Artisans, Artists, and
Architects
These jobs required
advanced skills and
were also very admired
in Egypt.
Merchants and
Traders
Although trade was
important, few held
these positions. Some
had to travel very long
distances to buy and
sell goods.
Additional Egyptian Jobs
Soldiers
Egypt created a
permanent army that
offered soldiers a
chance to rise in social
status and receive land
as payment.
Farmers and Other
Peasants
This group made up the
vast majority of the
population. They grew
crops to support their
families and to pay
taxes.
Slaves
Slaves were usually
criminals or prisoners.
They had some legal
rights, however.
Chapter 4, Section 4: Egyptian
Achievements
Egyptian Achievements
The Big Idea
The Egyptians made lasting achievements in writing,
architecture, and art.
Main Ideas
• The Egyptians developed a writing system using hieroglyphics.
• The Egyptians created magnificent temples, tombs, and
works of art.
Main Idea 1:
The Egyptians developed a writing
system using hieroglyphics.
• Hieroglyphics was the Egyptian
writing system.
• Egyptians learned to write
hieroglyphics on papyrus, a longlasting, paper-like material made
from reeds.
• Scribes wrote on papyrus using
brushes and ink.
• Historians learned how to read
hieroglyphics after discovering
the Rosetta Stone, which was
written in three languages.
– Hieroglyphics
– A later form of Egyptian
– Greek
Main Idea 2:
The Egyptians created magnificent
temples, tombs, and works of art.
Egyptians believed
the massive temples
were homes of the
gods.
People visited to
worship, offer gifts to
the gods, and ask for
favors.
Temples had
• Stone sphinxes and
other statues
• An obelisk: a tall, foursided pillar that is
pointed at the top
• Painted walls and
columns that also had
hieroglyphics
Egyptian art filled tombs.
• Egyptian art was filled with
lively, colorful scenes.
• Art showed historical events,
everyday life, and religious events.
• Painting had a distinctive style in
which people’s heads and legs are
always seen from the side, but
upper bodies are shown straight
on.
Tombs contained work such as:
• Art and hieroglyphics on walls
and columns
• Stone statues and carvings
– Egyptians were skilled
stoneworkers.
• Jewelry
Complete the Chart Below
Ancient Egypt
G.=________
R. =________
A. =________
P. =________
E. =________
S. =________