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Presentation Plus! Human Heritage: A World History Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Developed by FSCreations, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 Send all inquiries to: GLENCOE DIVISION Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240 CHAPTER FOCUS SECTION 1 The Nile SECTION 2 The Old Kingdom SECTION 3 The Middle Kingdom SECTION 4 The New Kingdom SECTION 5 Contributions CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER ASSESSMENT 3 Click a hyperlink to go to the corresponding section. Press the ESC key at any time to exit the presentation. Overview • Chapter 4 focuses on the changes in society during the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. – Section 1 explains the importance of the Nile River to the Egyptian civilization. – Section 2 discusses Egypt’s Old Kingdom. – Section 3 describes Egypt’s Middle Kingdom. – Section 4 traces the New Kingdom. – Section 5 presents Egyptian contributions. 4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to: • analyze why the Nile River was so important to the growth of Egyptian civilization. • discuss how pharaohs, pyramids, and religious beliefs influenced the Old Kingdom. • describe what happened during Egypt’s Middle Kingdom. • explain why Egyptian civilization grew then declined during the New Kingdom. • list Egyptian contributions. 5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Read to Discover • Why the Nile River was so important to the growth of Egyptian civilization • How Egyptian religious beliefs influenced the Old Kingdom • What happened during Egypt's Middle Kingdom • Why Egyptian civilization grew and then declined during the New Kingdom • What the Egyptians contributed to other civilizations 6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Chapter Focus is on page 67 of your textbook. Terms to Learn • shadoof • Narmer • pharaoh • Ahmose • pyramids • Thutmose III • embalming • Hatshepsut • mummy • Amenhotep IV • legend • hieroglyphic Places to Locate • Nile River • papyrus • Punt People to Know • Thebes 7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the Speaker On button to listen to the words. Why It’s Important The Egyptians settled in the Nile River Valley of northeast Africa. They most likely borrowed ideas such as writing from the Sumerians. However, the Egyptian civilization lasted far longer than the citystates and empires of Mesopotamia. While the people of Mesopotamia fought among themselves, Egypt grew into a rich, powerful, and unified kingdom. The Egyptians built a civilization that lasted for more than 2,000 years and left a lasting influence on the world. Click the Speaker On button to replay the audio. 8 The Nile • The Nile River flows north 4,145 miles from the mountains of central Africa to the Mediterranean Sea. • In Egypt the river cuts a narrow, green valley through the desert. • Shortly before the Nile reaches the sea, it branches to form a fan-shaped area of fertile land called a delta. • Most ancient Egyptians lived in this area. 10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1 begins on page 67 of your textbook. The Nile (cont.) • For a long time, they were protected from foreign invasions by the desert, the sea, and waterfalls called cataracts. • Every year, about the middle of July, the Nile overflowed its banks. • The flood waters went down but left behind large amounts of rich soil good for growing crops. 11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Nile (cont.) • Egyptian farmers planted their fields while the soil was still wet. • To water their crops during the dry season, the Egyptians dug out basins, or bowl-shaped holes. • They used a machine called a shadoof to lift water from the Nile to the basins. • The Egyptians raised flax, wheat, barley, and grapes. 12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section Assessment Where did most Egyptians live? Most Egyptians lived in the Nile delta. 13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) How did the Egyptians control the Nile? They built a system of basins and irrigation canals. 14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) Making Comparisons How did the Egyptians’ use of the Nile compare with the Sumerians’ use of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers? Both Egyptians and Sumerians depended on the rivers for living, and both civilizations controlled their environment. The Egyptians dug out basins and built irrigation canals to the fields. The Sumerians also built irrigation canals. The Egyptians raised flax, wheat, barley, and grapes. The Sumerians grew barley, wheat, sesame, flax, fruit trees, date palms, and vegetables. 15 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) Draw a diagram like the one on page 68 of your textbook. Use it to show how the Nile River influenced Egyptian civilization . Samples: cataracts served as protection, flooding left behind good soil, provided water to grow crops in dry season. 16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Old Kingdom • At first, Egypt was made up of two kingdoms. – One was Upper Egypt, which lay in the southern part of the Nile River valley. – The other was Lower Egypt, which lay in the north delta. • Narmer, also known as Menes, was a king of Upper Egypt. • About 3100 B.C., he led his armies from the valley north into the delta, uniting the two kingdoms. 18 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2 begins on page 69 of your textbook. The Old Kingdom (cont.) • About 2600 B.C., the Old Kingdom started in Egypt. • During the period of the Old Kingdom, Egyptian cities became centers of religion and government. • Most Egyptians lived on large estates along the banks of the Nile. • A household was made up of an owner’s family, servants, and artisans. • Most Egyptians, however, were farmers who lived in villages on the estates. 19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Pharaoh • The Egyptians believed that the strength and unity of their country came from having a strong ruler. • Egyptian rulers were eventually called pharaoh, meaning “great house.” • To Egyptians, the pharaoh was a ruler, a priest, and a god. • The pharaoh owned all the land in Egypt, but he gave gifts of land to rich Egyptians and priests. 20 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Pharaoh (cont.) • The pharaoh also chose all government officials. • The word of a pharaoh was law. • The Egyptians believed that what happened to Egypt depended on the pharaoh’s actions. • As chief priest, the pharaoh carried out certain rituals. • Pharaohs were treated with great respect. Whenever they appeared in public, people played music and bowed to the ground. 21 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Pyramids • Another way the people of the Old Kingdom showed how they felt about the pharaohs was by building them great tombs called pyramids. • They were designed to protect the pharaohs’ bodies from floods, wild animals, and robbers. • It took many people and much work to build the pyramids. 22 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Religious Beliefs • The Egyptians believed in many gods, the most important of which were the river god Hapi and the sun god Re. • Another important god was Osiris, god of the harvest and of eternal life. • If a person had led a good life and knew certain magic spells, Osiris would grant the person life after death. • The Egyptians also used a process called embalming to preserve the bodies of the dead. 23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Religious Beliefs (cont.) • To embalm a body, the Egyptians placed it in a wooden box and covered it with a chemical called natron which dried it out. • After the shrunken body had dried, it was wrapped with long strips of linen. • The wrapped body was known as a mummy. 24 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section Assessment How did most Egyptians live during the Old Kingdom? Most Egyptians lived as farmers in villages on large estates along the Nile. 25 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) What did the Egyptians believe happened to people after death? Their souls went to the underworld and were weighed on a scale. If the scales balanced, Osiris granted life after death. 26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) Making Comparisons How were the pharaohs similar to and different from government leaders of the United States today? Sample responses: Both provide for citizens and deal with foreign policy/trade. U.S. leaders are not considered gods. 27 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) Draw a diagram like the one on page 73 of your textbook. Use it to compare the Egyptian burial practices for the rich and the poor. Both were embalmed. The poor were buried in a cave or in the sand; the rich were placed in special coffins inside a tomb. 28 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Middle Kingdom • About 2300 B.C., government officials, jealous of the pharaoh’s power, took control of Egypt. • Almost 200 years of confusion followed. • Finally, new pharaohs brought peace and a new period called the Middle Kingdom. • Pharaohs had less power in the Middle Kingdom. • After death, they were no longer buried in pyramids but in tombs cut into cliffs. 30 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3 begins on page 73 of your textbook. The Middle Kingdom (cont.) • The Middle Kingdom came to an end in 1786 B.C., when Egypt was invaded by the Hyksos, a people from western Asia. • The Hyksos ruled Egypt for about 150 years. • They copied some Egyptian customs but most Egyptians hated them. • Around 1550 B.C., an Egyptian prince named Ahmose led an uprising and drove the Hyksos out of Egypt. 31 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section Assessment How did the Middle Kingdom come about? A new line of pharaohs unified Egypt after a period of confusion. 32 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) What ended Hyksos rule? Ahmose led an uprising and drove the Hyksos out of Egypt. 33 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment Do you think the decrease in the pharaoh’s power had a positive or negative effect on Egypt? Explain. Answers will vary. 34 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) Draw a diagram like the one found on page 74 of your textbook. Use it to compare the power of the pharaohs in the Old Kingdom the Middle Kingdom. Old Kingdom–considered a ruler, priest, and god; owned all land and chose all the officials; treated with great respect; buried in pyramids. Middle Kingdom–had less power, buried in tombs cut into cliffs. 35 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The New Kingdom • Ahmose founded another line of pharaohs and began the period known as the New Kingdom. • During this time, Egypt became richer and its cities grew larger. • It was during this period that the Egyptian empire was founded. • One warrior-pharaoh, Thutmose III, extended Egyptian control into Syria and Palestine. 37 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4 begins on page 74 of your textbook. The New Kingdom (cont.) • One of the few pharaohs who was not interested in war and conquest was Hatshepsut, Thutmose III's stepmother, who had ruled Egypt before her stepson. • Her chief interests were trade and the building of temples. 38 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Religion • The Egyptians of the New Kingdom began to worship a new god. • They called the new god Amon-Re and he became the most powerful god of all. • People built many temples in his honor. • The temples were also schools–places where young boys were trained to be scribes. 39 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Religion (cont.) • One kind of Egyptian writing was hieroglyphic, or a kind of writing in which pictures stand for words or sounds. • However, scribes needed an easier form of writing to keep records. • So, they developed two other kinds of writing in which hieroglyphs were rounded off and connected. 40 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Decline of Egypt • Over time, the priests of Amon-Re gained much power and wealth. • As time passed, the pharaoh’s power declined. • Then, about 1370 B.C., a new pharaoh named Amenhotep IV came to the throne. • He did not like the priests and wanted to return power to the pharaohs. • Amenhotep IV closed the temples of AmonRe and fired all temple workers. 41 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Decline of Egypt (cont.) • He set up a new religion that was different from the old religion because only one god, called Aton, was worshiped. • After Amenhotep IV died, about 1360 B.C., his son-in-law Tutankhamen became pharaoh. He was only nine years old. • The priests made Tutankhamen return to the old religion. 42 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Decline of Egypt (cont.) • Little by little, Egypt lost its power. – One reason was the struggle between the priests and the pharaohs. – Another was the pharaohs’ attempts to keep neighboring countries under Egyptian control. • By 1150 B.C., Egypt’s empire was gone. • Egyptian civilization kept growing weaker until Egypt was taken over by a people known as the Assyrians in 671 B.C. 43 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section Assessment How did rulers of the New Kingdom expand trade? They expanded trade through conquest and by expanding contacts with other people. 44 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) Why did Egypt grow weak? Egypt grew weak because of struggles between priests and pharaohs, costly wars, and lack of iron for weapons. 45 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) Drawing Conclusions In your opinion, which of the following pharaohs contributed the most to Egyptian civilization: Thutmose III, Hatshepsut, Amenhotep IV, or Tutankhamen? Explain. Answers will vary. 46 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) Draw the diagram on page 78 of your textbook, and use it to show important dates in the history of the New Kingdom. Answers will vary but should begin with the founding of a new line of pharaohs by Ahmose. 47 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Contributions • The Egyptians made many contributions to other civilizations. • One was a paper called papyrus. • Other contributions of the Egyptians lay in the field of mathematics. – They used a number system based on ten. – They also used fractions and whole numbers. – They used geometry to survey, or measure, land. 49 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 5 begins on page 78 of your textbook. Contributions (cont.) • Based on the Nile floods, they made a calendar with three seasons of 120 days each, and 5 special feast days. • The Egyptians also made contributions in the field of medicine. – Egyptian doctors were the first specialists in medicine. – They were the first to use splints, bandages, and compresses. – The Egyptians also treated such problems as indigestion and hair loss. 50 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section Assessment What mathematical contributions did the Egyptians make to civilization? They used a number system based on 10, fractions and whole numbers, and geometry to survey the land. 51 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) What medical contributions did the Egyptians make to other civilizations? They were the first to use splints, bandages, compresses, setting of broken bones, and treatment of indigestion and hair loss. 52 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment Which Egyptian contribution do you think has the greatest impact on life in the United States today? Answers will vary. 53 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) Draw a diagram like the one on page 80 of your textbook. Use it to rate Egyptian contributions from most important to least important. Answers will vary. 54 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Summary & Study Guide • Egyptian civilization began in the Nile River valley over 5,000 years ago. • About 3100 B.C., Narmer united Upper and Lower Egypt. • The Old Kingdom began about 2600 B.C. and lasted for nearly 650 years. • Kings of Egypt became known as pharaohs and were viewed by Egyptians as rulers, priests, and gods. • During the Old Kingdom, pyramids were built as tombs for pharaohs. 56 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.) • The Egyptians worshiped many gods. • The Egyptians placed great importance on life after death and created a process to preserve bodies as mummies. • The Middle Kingdom began about 1950 B.C. and lasted until the Hyksos invasion of Egypt in 1786 B.C. • The New Kingdom began after Ahmose drove the Hyksos out of Egypt about 1550 B.C. 57 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.) • During the New Kingdom, most pharaohs were interested in conquest. • During the New Kingdom, priests became very powerful. • Amenhotep IV tried to establish a religion based on one god, but he failed. • Toward the end of the New Kingdom, Egypt began to decline. • Egyptian contributions to later civilizations included the use of geometry, surveying, and papyrus. 58 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Understanding the Main Idea What did the Egyptians borrow from the Sumerians? They borrowed farming, seeds for wheat and barley, and writing. 60 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Understanding the Main Idea What did the Nile River give to the Egyptian people? water and rich soil 61 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Understanding the Main Idea Why did the Egyptians show such great respect for the pharaoh? because the pharaoh was considered a ruler, priest, and god 62 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Understanding the Main Idea What role did the Hyksos play in the development of Egyptian civilization? They introduced iron and bronze weapons and a new style of fighting. 63 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Understanding the Main Idea What role did religion play in Egypt during the Old Kingdom? During the New Kingdom? During both the Old and New kingdoms religious rituals were carried out by the pharaoh and brought unity. Religion during Akhenaton’s rule divided the people. 64 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Understanding the Main Idea What kinds of writing did the Egyptians have, and why were they used? Hieroglyphic writing was used on monuments; other writing was used to write religious works and records. 65 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Understanding the Main Idea What problems did flooding of the Nile River create, and how did the Egyptians try to solve them? The floods washed away boundary markers, so the Egyptians surveyed fields. They also developed calendars to predict the floods. 66 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Understanding the Main Idea How did the Egyptians use the papyrus reeds? They used them for paper, baskets, sandals, columns for houses, rafts, and riverboats. 67 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Do you agree with experts who call Egypt “the gift of the Nile”? Explain. Answers will vary. 68 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking How was the government of Egypt similar to that of Babylonia? How was it different? Both held complete power. The ruler of Egypt was considered a god-king; the ruler of Babylon was not. 69 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Do you think Amenhotep IV was wise in opposing the priests of Amon-Re? Explain. Answers will vary, but might suggest that by opposing the priests he helped bring about the decline of Egypt. 70 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Would you have like living in ancient Egypt? Why or why not? 71 Geography in History Human/Environmental Interaction Note the area covered by ancient Egypt on the map on page 75 of your textbook. Why do you think the empire developed where it did, rather than expanding to the west or only to the south? Explain your answer. It developed there because of its reliance on the Nile River and Mediterranean, because of the proximity to people, and because of natural barriers. 72 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Old Kingdom began about 2600 B.C., the Middle Kingdom about 2060 B.C., and the New Kingdom about 1600 B.C. If the New Kingdom ended about 1500 years after the Old Kingdom began, in what year did it end? 1100 B.C. 73 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Human Heritage: A World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.humanheritage.glencoe.com 75 76 2600 B.C. 1786 B.C. 671 B.C. Old Kingdom established Hyksos invade Egypt Assyrians take over Egypt 2300 B.C. 1550 B.C. Middle Kingdom begins Ahmose founds the New Kingdom Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Tutankhamen c. 1369 B.C.-1351 B.C. Egyptian Pharaoh Nicknamed the “boy king,” Tutankhamen came to power at age 9. He pleased the priests by rejecting Akhenaton’s religion. Although frail, he loved to race chariots and hunt animals. When he died at age 18, officials placed him in a treasure-filled tomb. The tomb’s beautiful contents, discovered in 1922, made “King Tut” one of Egypt’s most famous pharaohs. 77 A Big Pyramid The Pyramid of Khufu contains more than 2 million stone blocks that average 2 ½ short tons, or 2.3 metric tons, each. The pyramid originally stood 481 feet, or 147 meters, high. Today its base covers about 13 acres, or 5 hectares. 78 The Best Dentist Egyptians could have benefited from regular trips to the dentist. Everyone, rich and poor, suffered from cavities, inflamed gums, and infections. A physician in the Old Kingdom named Hesire won the title of “Chief of the Tooth-doctors.” 79 Diets Change Mummies 80 Click a hyperlink to go to the corresponding section. Press the ESC key at any time to exit the presentation. Diets Change The diet of poor laborers and farmers in ancient Egypt consisted largely of bread, made of wheat and a grain called emmer. Today most villagers and poor city dwellers in Egypt eat a simple diet based on bread and fool, or broad beans. For a typical evening meal, each person dips bread into a large communal bowl of vegetable stew. 81 Mummies Today scientists are able to perform CAT scans on mummy cases, allowing the scientists to see inside without opening the mummy case. Using computers, they turn the twodimensional CAT-scan pictures into three-dimensional images of the mummies. 82 Reading Map Legends • In order to show information on maps, mapmakers use symbols. • These are marks that stand for such things as places, directions, and features. • Symbols include lines, dots, stars, and small pictures. Continued on next slide. 83 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Reading Map Legends • A list of symbols and what they stand for is called a legend. • By reading legends, it is possible to identify empires, nations, religions, climates, and any other information that can be shown on a map. Continued on next slide. 84 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Reading Map Legends • For example, on the “Ancient Egypt” map on page 75 of your textbook, notice that there are three symbols in the legend. • Each symbol stands for the boundary of one of the Egyptian kingdoms. • The broken line stands for the southern boundary of the Old Kingdom. Continued on next slide. 85 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Reading Map Legends • The Middle Kingdom’s boundary is shown by the dotted line. • The area of the New Kingdom is shown in green. Continued on next slide. 86 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Reading Map Legends Study the “Ancient Egypt” map on page 75 of your textbook. Then answer the questions that follow. Continued on next slide. 87 Reading Map Legends Which Egyptian kingdom included only the first cataract? Old Kingdom Continued on next slide. 88 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reading Map Legends Which kingdom extended to the second cataract? Middle Kingdom Continued on next slide. 89 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reading Map Legends In which kingdom was Thebes located? all three kingdoms 90 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. End of Custom Shows WARNING! Do Not Remove This slide is intentionally blank and is set to auto-advance to end custom shows and return to the main presentation.