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Babylonians (2000 BC - 1550) - One of the worlds first empires (a state in which the ruler also controls other lands) • Babylon was the capital city • Hammurabi was the great king • Needed a set of laws to govern all the people -Hammurabi’s Code - eye for an eye - the law applied differently to different people - government had the responsibility of the people Phoenicians (1100 BC - 850 BC) - Very powerful traders and merchants • Traded purple dye that came from snails • Phoenicia is the capital city -- poor in natural resources -- had to trade • Excellent sailors -- may have traveled around Africa • Created trading colonies (300) • Created an alphabet to keep records – - 22 letters -- adopted by the Greeks Jews (2000 BC) • Began with Abraham traveling to Canaan. • Monotheists-worshiped one god • Never had lots of political power • Moses - Led Jews out of Egypt • Was given the 10 Commandments – Demanded a high standard of morality – King Solomon was greatest of the kings – Kingdom -- Israel – Built temple -- later destroyed Assyrians (850 BC -612 BC) • Assurbanipal -- most powerful king • Very good fighters – Iron weapons – Most disciplined army -- marched in formation – Tortured and sent away the people they conquered – Nineveh was the great city and prospered from all of the war Persians (550 BC - 350 BC) • Empire based on tolerance and wise gov. • Let local customs and religion remain the same • Cyrus -- first king, Cambyses, Darius • Divided empire into 20 provinces – Governor to each province (satrap) – Built a road system – Manufactured metal coinage Egyptians (3300 BC - 300 BC) • Nile River and desert provided protection • Nile R. -- worshipped as a god, flooded regularly, their lifeline. • Pharaoh - god king; worshipped many gods polytheist. • Achievements: hieroglyphics, pyramids, number, calendar, Medicine • Religion: Osiris judged for afterlife. Had concept of afterlife and living forever.