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“To study the abnormal is the best way of understanding the normal.” -William James (1842 – 1910) Mental illness is only a label to describe behavior that deviates from society’s norm. - Thomas Szasz Module 45 Introduction to Psychological Disorders Worth Publishers Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorder a “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be: atypical--not enough in itself disturbing--varies with time and culture maladaptive--harmful unjustifiable--sometimes there’s a good reason Historical Perspective Perceived Causes movements of sun or moon lunacy--full moon evil spirits Ancient Treatments exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s blood Psychological Disorders Medical Model concept that diseases have physical causes can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital Psychological Disorders Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders Psychological Disorders Classifying Psychological Disorders DSM-V American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition - 2013) a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders presently distributed as DSM-V-TR (text revision) Classifying Psychological Disorders DSM-IV – Axis model was consolidated (Axis I, II, III) and replaced by new diagnosis categories in the DSM 5 revision. 5-Axis model was adopted in 1980 - Axis 1 • Clinical disorders (e.g. mood & anxiety disorders) - Axis 2 • Personality disorders (e.g. narcissism, antisocial, developmental disorders (e.g. mental retardation, ADHD)) - Axis 3 • Medical (physical) conditions influencing Axis 1 & 2 disorders (e.g. respiratory/digestive) - Axis 4 • Psychosocial & environmental stress influencing Axis 1 & 2 disorders (e.g. job, housing, social network changes) - Axis 5 • Global Assessment of Functioning score: highest level of functioning patient has achieved in work, relationships, and activities Classifying Psychological Disorders – DSM V Diagnostic Categories – • • • • • • • • • • • • Anxiety Bipolar and Related Depressive Dissociative Feeding and Eating Neurodevelopmental Neurocognitive Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Personality Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Somatic Symptoms and Related (distressing or result in significant disruption of daily life) Trauma Stressor and Related Classifying Psychological Disorders Neurotic Disorder (term seldom used now) usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially Psychotic Disorder person loses contact with reality experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions Rates of Psychological Disorders