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Personality Disorders • Excessively rigid behavior patterns, or ways of relating to others, that ultimately become self-defeating. • Most people with Personality Disorders, in contrast with people who suffer from Mood or Anxiety Disorders, see their behaviors or feelings as natural parts of themselves. As a result, most are brought to the attention of mental health professionals by a friend or family member. • Odd or Eccentric Behavior: – Paranoid Personality Disorder – Schizoid Personality Disorder – Schizotypal Personality Disorder • Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Behavior: – Antisocial Personality Disorder – Borderline Personality Disorder – Histrionic Personality Disorder – Narcissistic Personality Disorder • Anxious or Fearful Behavior: – Avoidant Personality Disorder – Dependent Personality Disorder Odd or Eccentric • Paranoid: undue suspiciousness of other’ motives, but not to the point of delusion – – – – – – Overly sensitive to criticism (real or imagined) Question the sincerity and trustworthiness of friends Hypervigilant, as though they are under constant threat of betrayal or harm Tend to be: argumentative, cold, aloof, scheming, devious, and humorless Not delusional (as in paranoid schizophrenia) Unlikely to seek treatment • Schizoid: persistent lack of interest in social relationships, flattened affect, and social withdrawal – Outer Appearance: • • • – • Loner or ‘eccentric’ Emotions normally appear shallow or dampened Indifferent to praise or criticism Inner Lives generally compensate (not balance) for lack of outer emotion Schizotypal: eccentricities of thought and behavior, but without clearly psychotic features – – – – – Have difficulty forming close relationships (lack of interest) Behavior, mannerisms, and thought patterns seem peculiar, but not disturbed May experience unusual perceptions or illusions (“feeling the presence” of a deceased family member) Common among those who believe they have a ‘sixth sense’ or can tell the future Vague or generally abstract speech, unkempt appearance, little emotion registered in facial expressions Anxious or Fearful • Avoidant: avoidance of social relationships due to fear of rejection – Absolutely terrified of rejection – Few relationships outside of family – Have interest in, and feelings toward other people (unlike schizoid personalities) – Severe form of social phobia • Dependent: difficulty making independent decision and display overly dependent behavior – Seek advice in making even the smallest decision – Overly submissive and clinging in their relationships, extremely fearful of separation – Avoid positions of responsibility – Often linked to other psychological disorders: • Major depression • Bipolar • Social phobia – Often linked to physical problems: • Hypertension • Cancer • Gastrointestinal disorders (ulcers, colitis) – **culture is important as many of the ‘symptoms’ of dependent disorder are perfectly normal in some cultures Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic • Borderline: abrupt shifts in mood, lack of a coherent sense of self, and unpredictable, impulsive behavior – Alternate between extremes of adulation and loathing – Intense fear of abandonment makes them clinging and demanding in their relationships – View people as all good or all bad, shifting abruptly between extremes • May show fleeting psychotic behaviors when stressed, but are not as dysfunctional as those with psychotic disorders. • Have difficulty regulating their emotions – May harbor intense psychological pain, and exhibit features such as chronic anger, loneliness, or boredom • Self-mutilation: – Fairly common among borderline women – Men tend to show outward signs of aggression. – Often motivated by need to escape from troubling emotions or “numbness” Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic • Histrionic: excessive need for attention, praise, reassurance, and approval • Narcissistic adoption of an inflated self-image and demands for attention and admiration – Emotions seem shallow, exaggerated, and volatile – Often flirtatious and playful, but are too wrapped up in themselves to develop real relationships – Setback or lack of attention result in depression – Brag about accomplishments and expect praise, even when ‘accomplishment’ is ordinary – Lack empathy for others – Preoccupied with fantasies of success and power, ideal love, or recognition for beauty or brilliance Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic • Antisocial: antisocial and irresponsible behavior and a lack of remorse for misdeeds – Often violate the rights of others, disregard social norms, and break the law – Pattern of behavior begins in childhood or adolescence • Two dimensions: – Personality: selfishness, lack of empathy, callous and remorseless use of others, disregard for others’ feelings or welfare – Behavioral: unstable and antisocial lifestyle, poor employment history, unstable relationships • Not all criminals show signs of psychopathy, and not all people with psychopathic personalities become criminals. Film Clip: The Dark Knight Treatment • Psychodynamic therapy • Behavior therapy • Cognitive therapy Assignment • Explain, in a paragraph or two (complete sentences please), how personality disorders differ from other psychological disorders.