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Mental Illness The Medical Model of Mental Illness The Four Components of the Medical Model of Disease <Etiology <Symptomology <Prognosis <Lesion The Mental “Diseases” Schizophrenia and Psychoses -affect perceptions of reality, often with notable physiological symptoms Affective, or Mood, Disorders -”Affect”=emotion -Affective disorders include depression, bipolar disorder, hypomania, etc Anxiety Disorders -Include panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, performance anxiety, certain phobias, etc Obsessive Disorders -Include OCD, religious obsessions and other examples of hyper-observance, certain eating disorders 3 Sociological Perspectives on Mental Illness Some Epidemiological Findings on Mental Illness and Social Structure <Incidence over the lifecourse <Gender <Race <Class The Labelling Perspective is a qualitative sociological perspective that has been used in many important studies, eg Goffman’s “The Moral Career of the Mental Patient” Scheff on the Labelling Model of Mental Illness -Mental Illness is a label -The label is a means of social control -The label, like all labels, is applied as a result of differences in power -The label results in the viewing of certain behaviours as "symptoms" -The label thus constitutes a self-fulfilling prophecy Szasz on AThe Myth of Mental Illness@ -Mental Illness is a “fallback” categorization for "residual deviance." -Most "mental illnesses" do not fit the medical model. -The medical model is maintained by psychiatrists and clinical psychologists whose careers rely on the existence of MI. -As Scheff also argues, ascribing MI is also a means of social control for those who are not criminal. Laing on ASupersanity@ -It is wrong to think of the perceptions or beliefs of the MI as ipso facto false or perverse. -The MI are inner oriented and may be able to "see" realities that others cannot. -What the MI "see" may have validity beyond the perceptual abilities of "normals." -The MI experience interpersonal problems as a result of the incongruency in perceptual abilities between them and normals. Lessons from Rosenhans= AOn Being Sane in Insane Places@ The study provided evidence for criticism of the medical model. -MI diagnoses are questionable. -The MI label has many negative consequences. -Treatment in mental hospital may be more harmful than therapeutic. -Mental health care practitioners do not know as much about MI as they (or we) think they know.