Download Autism Spectrum Disorders

Out line
Objective
Definition
Type
Causes
DX
Treatment
Article
Summary
objective
At the end of this seminar the students will be able
to :
Identify about the definition of ASD
Identify about the type of ASD
Identify the cause &DX of it
Learn about the treatment
Definition
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of
developmental disabilities that can cause significant social,
communication and behavioral challenges. People with
ASDs handle information in their brain
differently than other people.
ASDs are "spectrum disorders." That means ASDs affect each
person in different ways, and can range from very mild to
severe. People with ASDs share some similar symptoms,
such as problems with social interaction. But there are
differences in when the symptoms start, how severe they
are, and the exact nature of the symptoms
DSM-IV Definition of Autism
Impairment in
Socialization
Restricted &
Repetitive
Behavior
Impairment in
Communication
START - 201
DSM5 CRITERIA
-Persistent deficits in social communication and social
interaction across multiple contexts
-Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or
activities
-Symptoms must be present in the early developmental
period (but may not become fully manifest until social
demands exceed limited capacities, or may be masked by
learned strategies in later life).
-Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social,
occupational, or other important areas of current functioning.
-These disturbances are not better explained by intellectual
disability (intellectual developmental disorder
DSM-IV criteria (continued)
Umbrella term is really Pervasive •
Developmental Disorders (PDD)
5 different subtypes of PDD –
Autistic Disorder •
Asperger’s Disorder •
PDD-NOS •
Rhett’s Disorder •
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder •
Autism
Spectrum
Disorders
Autistic Disorder )
1)qualitative impairment in social interaction, as manifested
by at least two of the following:
(a) marked impairment in the use of multiple nonverbal –
behaviors such as eye-to-eye gaze, facial expression, body
postures, and gestures to regulate social interaction
(b) failure to develop peer relationships appropriate to –
developmental level
(c) a lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment, –
interests, or achievements with other people (e.g., by a
lack of showing, bringing, or pointing out objects of
interest)
(d) lack of social or emotional reaction –
Autistic Disorder
(2) qualitative impairments in communication as manifested by
at least one of the following:
(a) delay in, or total lack of, the development of spoken •
language (not accompanied by an attempt to compensate
through alternative modes of communication such as gestures
or mime)
(b) in individuals with adequate speech, marked impairment •
in the ability to initiate or sustain a conversation with others
(c) stereotyped and repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic
language
(d) lack of varied, spontaneous make-believe play or social •
imitative play appropriate to developmental level
•
Autistic Disorder
(3)restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior,
interests, and activities, as manifested by at least one of the
following:
(a) encompassing preoccupation with one or more •
stereotyped patterns of interest that is abnormal either in
intensity or focus
(b) apparently inflexible adherence to specific, nonfunctional
routines or rituals
•
(c) stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms (e.g., hand
or finger flapping or twisting, or complex whole-body
movements)
•
(d) persistent preoccupation with parts of objects •
Prevalence
Autism is the most prevalent of
the ASD’s and the second most
common is PDD-NOS which is a
less severe form and/or later
onset.
Interactive Autism Network
Signs and Symptoms
ASDs begin before the age of 3 and last throughout
a person's life, although symptoms may improve
over time.
Some children with an ASD show hints of future
problems within the first few months of life. In
others, symptoms might not show up until 24
months or later.
Some children with an ASD seem to develop
normally until around 18 to 24 months of age and
then they stop gaining new skills, or they lose the
skills they once had.
A person with an ASD might:
Not respond to their name by 12 months
Not point at objects to show interest (point at an
airplane flying over) by 14 months
Not play "pretend" games (pretend to "feed" a doll)
by 18 months
Avoid eye contact and want to be alone
Have trouble understanding other people's
feelings or talking about their own feelings
Have delayed speech and language skills
Repeat words or phrases over and over
(echolalia)
Give unrelated answers to questions
Get upset by minor changes
Have obsessive interests
Flap their hands, rock their body, or spin in circles
Have unusual reactions to the way things sound,
smell, taste, look, or feel
Screening and Diagnosis
Diagnosing autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) can be
difficult, since there is no medical test, like a blood test,
to diagnose the disorders. Doctors look at the child’s
behavior and development to make a diagnosis.
ASDs can sometimes be detected at 18 months or
younger. By age 2, a diagnosis by an experienced
professional can be considered very reliable.
However, many children do not receive a final diagnosis
until much older. This delay means that children with
an ASD might not get the help they need.
Diagnosing an ASD takes two steps:
Developmental Screening
Comprehensive Diagnostic Evaluation
Treatment
There are no medications that can cure ASDs or
treat the core symptoms. However, there are
medications that can help some people with
ASDs function better. For example, medication
might help manage high energy levels, inability
to focus, depression, or seizures.
Research shows that early intervention
treatment services can greatly improve a
child’s development . Early intervention
services help children from birth to 3 years old
(36 months) learn important skills. Services
include therapy to help the child talk, walk,
and interact with others.
Nursing Interventions For Autism
Children with ASD receive nursing care in school
settings such care requires :
up-to-the-moment knowledge of the disorder,
patience, and much creativity.
Need assistance with simple tasks, such as
assistance feeding and dressing, toileting, and
first aid, can pose a challenge, because new
environments and changes in routine cause
these children stress or even terror.
recommend that children with autism undergo
desensitization by visiting the healthcare
office regularly and getting familiar with the
environment and staff, No procedures should
be attempted during this period.
communication
Poor communication is a chief limitation for
children with ASD, as many have a severe
language impairment.
speak clearly, using short sentences and crystalclear phrases, Be as concrete as possible, Use
repetition and keep your tone of voice ,If
verbal intervention is ineffective, be aware
that some autistic children may response to
visual cues pleasant and cheerful,
Don't be surprised if you need several sessions
to complete a simple screening process with
an autistic child
Articles
Screening for autism in pre-school children in primary
care:
Systematic review of English Language tools
summary
WWW.WHO.COM
www.wikipedia.org
http://www.cdc.gov/
http://www.moh.gov.jo/MOH/arabic/home.php