Download Personality Disorders - Magnolia High School

Introduction to
Psychological
Disorders
Defining Disorder
Psychological Disorder
• A “harmful dysfunction” in which
behaviors are maladaptive, unjustifiable,
disturbing, and atypical
Maladaptive
• An exaggeration of normal, acceptable
behaviors
• Destructive to oneself or others
Unjustifiable
• A behavior which does not have a
rational basis
Disturbing
• A behavior which is troublesome to
other people
Atypical
• A behavior so different from other
people’s behavior that it violates a norm
• Norms vary from culture to culture
MUDA
• A mnemonic device used to remember
the four attributes of a psychological
disorder
–Maladaptive
–Unjustifiable
–Disturbing
–Atypical
Early Views of Mental Illness
• In ancient times, mental illness was
usually explained through a supernatural
model; the person was possessed or a
sinner
• During the Middle Ages treatment
methods were inhumane and cruel
Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)
• French physician who worked to reform the
treatment of people with mental disorders
• Encouraged more humane treatment
Understanding
Disorders:
The Medical Model
The Medical Model
• Concept that mental illnesses have
physical causes that can be diagnosed,
treated, and in most cases, cured.
• Psychological disorders can be
diagnosed based on their symptoms and
treated or cured through therapy.
• Psychological disorders are similar to a
physical illness.
Module 29: Introduction to Psychological Disorders
Understanding
Disorders:
The
Bio-Psycho-Social
Model
Bio-Psycho-Social Model
• Contemporary perspective that assumes
biological, psychological, and
sociocultural factors combine and
interact to produce psychological
disorders
Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective
Classifying Disorders
DSM-IV-TR
• Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders –
Fourth Edition
• The text of the DSMIV was recently
revised, hence “TR” at
the end
DSM-IV-TR
Published by the
American Psychiatric
Association
• Lists and describes all
the currently accepted
categories of mental
disorders
DSM-IV-TR
• Divides mental disorders into 17 major
categories
• Includes the symptoms but not the
causes of each disease
• Has changed significantly since the first
edition
DSM-IV-TR Axis
DSM-IV-TR Axis
DSM-IV-TR Axis
DSM-IV-TR Axis
Personality Disorders
Take very careful notes on these
disorders…you will be playing one
tomorrow!
Personality Disorders
• Psychological disorders characterized by
rigid and lasting behavior patterns that
disrupt social functioning
• Divided into three clusters:
– With odd and eccentric behaviors
– With dramatic or impulsive behaviors
– Related to anxiety
Cluster A
• Includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal
personality disorders.
• People with these disorders often seem odd
or eccentric, with unusual behavior ranging
from distrust and suspiciousness to social
detachment.
Paranoid
• Suspiciousness and mistrust of others
• guarded, overcautious, unforgiving, tendency
to see self as blameless
• on guard for perceived attacks by others
• reluctant to confide in others
• hypersensitive, bear grudges
• not usually psychotic
Schizoid
• Inability to form social relationships and a lack of
interest in doing so
• do not have good friends
• unable to express feelings and are seen by others as cold
and distant
• lack social skills and can be classified as loners or
introverts
• solitary interests and occupations
• do not take pleasure in many activities
• indifferent to praise or criticism
• not very emotionally reactive
Schizotypal
• Not excessively introverted and have pervasive social and
interpersonal deficits
• they also have cognitive and perceptual distortions and
eccentricities in their communication and behavior. Although
reality contact is usually maintained, highly personalized and
superstitious thinking exhibited.
• Believe they have magical powers and may engage in
magical rituals.
Cluster B
• Includes histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, and borderline
personality disorders. Individuals with these disorders have in
common a tendency to be dramatic, emotional, and erratic.
Their impulsive behavior, often involving antisocial activities,
is more colorful, more forceful, and more likely to bring them
in contact with mental health or legal authorities than the
behaviors characterizing disorders in Cluster A.
Histrionic
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Excessive attention seeking behavior and emotionality
tend to feel unappreciated if not the center of attention
lively, dramatic, and excessively extroverted styles
in seeking attention, their appearance and behavior are often
quite theatrical and emotional, as well as sexually provocative
and seductive
highly suggestible and consider relationships to be closer than
they really are
relationships are stormy
self centered and vain
over concerned about approval of others
Narcissistic
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Exaggerated sense of self importance
preoccupation with being admired
lack of empathy for the feelings of others
strong tendency to overestimate their abilities
and accomplishments while underestimating
the abilities and accomplishments of others
Antisocial
• With dramatic or impulsive behaviors
Borderline
• Show a pattern of behavior characterized by impulsivity
and instability in interpersonal relationships, self image,
and mood
• disturbances in basic identity
• sense of self is unstable
• fear abandonment
• hard to control anger, outbursts
• low tolerance for frustration
• sense of emptiness
• mood swings
• self destructive behaviors (excessive gambling, sex,
substance abuse, driving)
Cluster C
• Includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessivecompulsive personality disorders. In contrast
to the other clusters, anxiety and fearfulness
are often part of these disorders, making it
difficult in some cases to distinguish them
form anxiety based disorders. People with
these disorders, because of their anxieties, are
more likely to seek help.
Avoidant
• Pattern of extreme social inhibition and
introversion leading to lifelong patterns of
limited social relationships and reluctance to
enter into social interactions.
• Fear of criticism.
• Do not enjoy their aloneness.
• Low self esteem and self consciousness.
Dependent
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Extreme dependence on other people
clinging submissive behavior
Difficulty in separating in relationships
discomfort at being alone
subordination of needs in order to keep others involved in a
relationship
indecisiveness
can’t make decisions on own
need constant reassurance
lack self confidence
Obsessive Compulsive
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Excessive concern with order, rules, and trivial details
perfectionistic
lack of expressiveness and warmth
difficulty in relaxing and having fun
very scheduled
fear mistakes and constantly check to make sure they are not
making mistakes
• don’t get much accomplished because of constant checking