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Slide 1 14 Abnormal Behavior © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 2 Abnormal Behavior Abnormal Behavior • Definition – Actions, thoughts, and feelings harmful to a person or others; experiencing discomfort enough to not function – Continuity hypothesis • Insanity and mental illness terms should not be used – Discontinuity hypothesis • Only strong terms can accurately portray true nature of abnormal behavior © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 3 Abnormal Behavior Historical Views • Supernatural theories – Resulted in more harmful treatments like exorcism, drinking foul concoctions, witches put to death (mostly women) • Biological theories – Ancient Greece: four humors of body – 1800s: bacteria, syphilis, and penicillin – Made effective drug therapies possible © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 4 Abnormal Behavior Historical Views • Psychological theories – Pythagoras: psychological factors like stress caused problems – Freud revived the theory; able to compete with supernatural and biological approaches • Model of unconscious conflicts © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 5 Abnormal Behavior Contemporary Views • The DSM-IV – American Psychiatric Association’s manual – Multi-axial system of classifications • Axis I: Clinical disorders • Axis II: Personality disorders and mental retardation • Axis III: General medical conditions • Axis IV: Psychosocial and environmental problems • Axis V: Global assessment of functioning © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 6 Abnormal Behavior The Problem of Stigma • Abnormal behavior stigmatized – negative perceptions associated with it (frightening, uncomfortable, or viewed as dangerous) – Can make mental health problems worse – Can prevent afflicted persons from seeking treatment – Why stigmatize? Unwillingness to let others see one’s flaws and weaknesses? © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 7 Abnormal Behavior Concept of Insanity • Not guilty by reason of insanity – Hinckley trial in 1982 – Insane: at time of conduct, person had disease or defect, lacked substantial capacity to know act was wrong or broke a law • Competence to stand trial – Insanity: cannot understand trial proceedings • Involuntary commitment – Person poses danger to self or others © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 8 Abnormal Behavior Disorders • Anxiety Disorders – Excessive levels of kinds of negative emotions – Uncomfortable and disruptive levels of anxiety – Affects women more than men • Phobias – Intense, unrealistic or irrational fear – Specific phobia (least disruptive), social phobia, agoraphobia (most impairing) © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 9 Abnormal Behavior Disorders • Generalized anxiety disorder – Free-floating anxiety (usually relatively mild) – No periods of calm experienced – Vague, uneasy sense of tension • Panic anxiety disorder – Intensely uncomfortable attacks of anxiety – Extremely sensitive to small bodily changes – Attack causes exaggerated bodily reactions © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Heart Rate 24 22 20 18 16 14 Sweating (GSR) mhos 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 Muscle tension (EMG) 30 V 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 Minutes © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5 6 Slide 10 Changes in three measures of sympathetic autonomic arousal when subject experienced panic attack Slide 11 Abnormal Behavior Disorders • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – Affects soldiers from Vietnam, Operation Desert Storm, and Iraqi wars; also Nazi death camp and prison camp survivors) – Suffering severe reactions years after traumatic event (some recover, some get worse over time) – Experiences include: • Dreams with horror • Intense emotional bodily reactions • Difficulty concentrating or sleeping © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 12 Abnormal Behavior Stressors Causing PTSD • Combat-related events • Sudden death of loved one • Involved in or witnessing accidents • Physical assault, rape, sexual molestation experienced by women • Terrorism experiences © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 13 Abnormal Behavior Who Develops PTSD? • Four factors involved • – Severity of stress • Risk increased when physical injury occurs – Person’s characteristics before event • Affects those with higher anxiety levels, lower intelligence, previous mental health problems – Social support • More support lessens risk – Sex of the victim • Women more at risk © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Abnormal Behavior Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders • Definitions – Obsessions – continuous anxiety-provoking thoughts – Compulsions – irresistible urges to engage in behaviors – Two separate disorders; often found together in same person © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 14 Slide 15 Abnormal Behavior Somatoform Disorders – Experiencing symptoms of physical health problems with psychological causes • Four types – Somatization disorders – intensely and chronically uncomfortable conditions – Hypochondriasis – preoccupation with health – Conversion disorders – symptoms not medically possible – Somatoform pain disorders – primary symptom is pain with no physical cause © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 16 Abnormal Behavior Dissociative Disorders • Broad category of loosely related conditions • Four kinds – Depersonalization – distorted, unreal feelings – Dissociative amnesia – psychological cause – Dissociative fugue – complete loss of memory – Dissociative identity disorder – once known as multiple personality disorder; very controversial issue © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 17 Abnormal Behavior Mood Disorders • Two forms – Depression • Major depression - episodic disorder, quite common, often mild but takes its toll – Rare to have psychotic distortion of reality • Bipolar disorder (depression and mania) • Caused by high levels of anxiety; genetic influences • Cognitive factors – negative views of self © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 18 Abnormal Behavior Mood Disorders • Two forms – Depression • Major depression - episodic disorder, quite common, often mild but takes its toll – Rare to have psychotic distortion of reality • Caused by high levels of anxiety; genetic influences • Cognitive factors – negative views of self © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Probability of developing major depression for the first time in a given year .025 Females Males .020 .015 .010 .005 .000 0 7 17 27 37 47 Years © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 57 67 77 87 Slide 19 Slide 20 Abnormal Behavior Human Diversity • Ethnic and gender differences in depression and suicide – Women more at risk for depression – Depressed persons more at risk for suicide – American Indians have highest rate of suicide – African Americans have lowest rate and Hispanic groups have second lowest rate (rates vary among Hispanic subgroups) – White women have highest rate of females © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 21 African American Non-Hispanic white Asian/Pacific Islanders American Indian % deaths due to suicide 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Percent of deaths due to suicide among different raceethnic groups in the U.S. Slide 22 Abnormal Behavior Bipolar Disorder • Alternating irregular periods of severe depression and mania – Mania – mood disturbance in which person experiences a high, intense euphoria • High self-esteem, unrealistic optimism • Psychotic distortion during episodes; damaging or extreme behavior • Occurs in multiple episodes; cause unknown © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 23 Abnormal Behavior Schizophrenia • Uncommon disorder affecting more men than women – Can appear gradually or with sudden break – Characterized by 3 types of serious problems • Delusions and hallucinations • Disorganized thinking, emotions, behavior • Reduced enjoyment and interests – Causes: genetic and environment © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 24 Abnormal Behavior Schizophrenia • Subtypes – Paranoid schizophrenia • False beliefs, delusions (grandeur, paranoia, persecution), hallucinations – Disorganized schizophrenia • Delusions, hallucinations, cognitive processes highly disorganized or fragmented • Extreme social withdrawal © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 25 Abnormal Behavior Schizophrenia • Subtypes – Catatonic schizophrenia • May have delusions and hallucinations; most abnormalities in social interaction, body posture and movement (waxy flexibility in stupors) © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 26 Abnormal Behavior Delusional Disorder • Characterized by paranoid delusions of grandeur and persecution – Dangerous because of believability of delusions – Reverand Jim Jones and Jonestown deaths – David Koresh and Waco (TX) deaths © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 27 Abnormal Behavior Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) • Inattention symptoms – – – – – – Cannot focus Fails to see details Careless mistakes Highly distractible Incomplete tasks Often loses items © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved – Does not listen – Dislikes/avoids focused tasks – Often forgetful – Disorganized Slide 28 Abnormal Behavior Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) • Hyperactivity-impulsivity – Often fidgets or squirms when seated – Often leaves seat when should remain seated – Runs/climbs excessively – Difficulty engaging in play/leisure quietly – Often interrupts/intrudes © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved – Often on-the-go; driven like a motor – Talks excessively – Blurts out answers before question is finished – Can’t wait for turn Slide 29 Abnormal Behavior Personality Disorders • Schizoid personality disorder – Blunted emotions, social withdrawal, but no serious cognitive disturbances • Antisocial personality disorder – Feel little guilt, exploit others, frequent violation of social rules and laws – Difficulty with personal relationships – Low tolerance for frustration, lie easily/skillfully © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 30 Abnormal Behavior Other Personality Disorders Schizotypal personality disorder Paranoid personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder Borderline personality disorder Avoidant personality disorder Dependent personality disorder Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 31 Abnormal Behavior 14 The End © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved