Download Organic Mental Disorders

Chapter 9
Client Issues
Model of Psychological Dysfunction
• The part of the brain that identifies a lack
of something we require is unconscious.
• The neurons in that part of the brain
register the lack as a need.
• Neurotransmitters are sent to the
conscious part of the brain and a feeling is
then created.
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
2
Model of Psychological Dysfunction
• The feeling is processed with beliefs and
perceptions that create an appraisal which
is expressed as self talk.
• That appraisal transforms the feeling into
emotion which powers the action to meet
the original need.
• Neurotransmitters are then produced that
stop the action.
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
3
Model of Psychological Dysfunction
• Three basic categories of client issues
impact this process at different points.
– Irrational beliefs are learned beliefs that are
used to process feelings.
– Adjustment issues arise due to changes in
the world around us or in our ability to act on
the world around us.
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
4
Model of Psychological Dysfunction
– Mental illness is the result of a disturbance in
the production or concentration of the
neurotransmitters which create feelings,
thoughts, and perceptions. One in ten
Americans has a mental disorder and one in
five will develop a mental illness sometime
during their lifetime.
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
5
Psychiatric Disorders
• Mental illness has a combination of
genetic and environmental causes.
• Physical illness and mental illness often
occur together. Physical illness is easier
to see and thus more often what is treated.
• Diagnosis of an illness is a determination
of what is wrong and relies on the
identification of signs and symptoms.
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
6
Psychiatric Disorders
– Signs: differences that are objective such as
temperature or blood pressure that can be
identified without the patient’s participation
– Symptoms: differences that are subjective
such as dizziness or pain; they are felt by the
patient but cannot be seen by the doctor
• Once a diagnosis is made, providing
treatment can sometimes be a challenge
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
7
Psychiatric Disorders
• There are over four hundred types of
mental disorders.
• Five major categories are identified:
– Disorders diagnosed during childhood
– Organic mental disorders
– Substance-related disorders
– Mood disorders and personality disorders
– Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
8
Psychiatric Disorders
• Disorders usually Diagnosed in
Childhood: presents for a very strong
genetic connection which is expressed as
the child begins to develop, such as:
– Attention deficit disorder
– Autism
– Mental retardation
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
9
Psychiatric Disorders
• Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder:
there are three forms of ADHD:
– ADD, attention deficit disorder,
is the inability to pay attention.
– HD, hyperactivity disorder,
is being hyperactive and impulsive.
– ADHD, attention deficit hyperactive disorder,
is a combination of the two.
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
10
Psychiatric Disorders
• Autism These children are unable to mentally
process information from the body language,
gestures, facial expression or tone of voice of
other people.
• Mental Retardation is based on a combination
of IQ scores in areas such as self-care, safety,
home living, social skills, and communication
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
11
Psychiatric Disorders
• Organic Mental Disorders: are temporary
or permanent dysfunctions of brain tissue
caused by chemicals or disease, such as:
– Alzheimer’s Disease: disease of the aging,
cause is unknown and as of today there is no
cure; symptoms become worse over the
course of five to ten years
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
12
Psychiatric Disorders
– Dementia: a normal decline in brain function
that affects many mental abilities
– Delirium: a syndrome produced by recent
brain or mental dysfunction
– Amnesia: a disturbance of memory; may be
temporary, permanent, or unpredictable and
may begin suddenly or very gradually
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
13
Psychiatric Disorders
• Types of Amnesia:
– Anterograde amnesia
– Retrograde amnesia
– Traumatic amnesia
– Korsakoff’s syndrome
– Alzheimer’s disease
– Dissociative amnesia
– Dissociative fugue
– Blackout (anterograde amnesia)
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
14
Psychiatric Disorders
• Substance-Related Disorders Drugs
have such a powerful affect on our society
because they have such a powerful affect
on individuals.
• Categories of drugs:
– Alcohol: depresses the CNS
– Marijuana: produces relaxation and euphoria
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
15
Psychiatric Disorders
– Opiates produce pain reduction, constipation
and powerful euphoria.
– Hallucinogens produce hallucinations:
sensory, perceptual, and cognitive.
– Sedatives depress the CNS and induce
sleep.
– Stimulants increase activity of the CNS,
decrease fatigue, increase alertness and
arousal, and can include euphoria
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
16
Psychiatric Disorders
• Mood Disorders: long lasting
disturbances in emotions that strongly
affect feelings, thoughts, and behaviors
• Types of Mood Disorders include;
– Major Depressive Disorder-MDD: clinical
depression that lasts about two weeks
– Bipolar Spectrum Disorder: alternating
major depressive and manic episodes with
periods of normal functioning in between
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
17
Psychiatric Disorders
– Anxiety Disorders produce worry with
irrational fears and apprehensions that at
times escalate to terror.
• Types of Anxiety Disorders:
– Generalized AD: excessive or unrealistic
worry about almost everything
– Phobia: fearful response to danger
– Panic D: recurrent and unexpected panic
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
18
Psychiatric Disorders
– Posttraumatic stress disorder: anxiety
caused by a life threatening event that
shatters the sense of being able to control a
situation and stay safe and secure
– Obsessive-compulsive disorder: obsessive,
unwanted, and uncontrollable thoughts,
impulses, or images that intrude repeatedly
and suppress normal thoughts and actions
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
19
Psychiatric Disorders
• Personality Disorders: sets of enduring
traits that shape behaviors that seriously
impair functioning or cause severe distress
in a person’s personal and social life
• Personality disorders come from a
combination of genetic, environmental,
psychological, and social factors.
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
20
Psychiatric Disorders
• Types of Personality Disorders include;
– Paranoid PD: a consistent pattern of mistrust
and suspicion with the perception that others
around them have sinister intentions
– Schizotypical PD: deep mistrust of others
and extreme anxiety in close relationships
– Histrionic PD: pervasive and excessively
emotional pattern of attention seeking
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
21
Psychiatric Disorders
– Dependent PD: excessive need to be taken
care of by others
– Antisocial PD: about 3% of people, most
often men, who disregard or violate the rights
or property of others
– Schizophrenia: a serious mental disorder
that produces symptoms that interfere with
personal/social functioning
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
22
Psychiatric Disorders
• Types of Schizophrenia include;
– Paranoid: a person may hear voices telling
them to do things or have delusions
– Disorganized: marked by bizarre ideas and
behavior with powerful mood swings
– Catatonic: a person may sit rigid and
unresponsive for hours or have periods of wild
excitement and activity
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
23
Summary
• Irrational beliefs begin as learned beliefs
that are used to process feelings.
• Adjustment issues arise due to changes in
the world around us or in our ability to act
on the world around us.
• Individuals can hold onto beliefs with an
array of defense mechanisms.
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
24
Summary
• Mental illness is the result of a faulty
disturbance in the brain combined with
genetic and environmental causes.
• Physical illness and mental illness often
occur together and can confuse diagnosis,
decrease compliance, and complicate
care.
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
25
Summary
• There are five major categories identified
for mental disorders:
– Disorders identified in childhood
– Organic mental disorders
– Substance-related disorders
– Mood disorders and Personality disorders
– Schizophrenia and other Psychotic disorders
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
26
Summary
• The health care provider needs to have an
understanding of mental illness.
• Be tolerant of the range, intensity, and
unpredictable nature of the illness.
• Give support to the client and any family
members involved.
• Remain professional at all times.
© Copyright 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
27