Download Cognitive Psychology II - Memory The Big Picture Memory as

Cognitive Psychology II - Memory
The Big Picture
• Memory as Information Processing
• Stages and Events of Memory
• Effortful Memory -When we are trying to learn and
remember
• Memory Without Awareness - When we remember things
we do not realize we remember
• The Fragility of Memory - Our memories are often a
distorted view of reality
Stages of Memory
Stages of Memory
Effortful Memory
• How much do we retain?
• Not much for long in short-term memory
Effortful Memory (cont.)
• How much do we retain?
• Not much for long in short-term memory
• We forget much of what we learn
Effortful Memory (cont.)
• How much do we retain?
• Not much for long in short-term memory
• We forget much of what we learn
• We can relearn it fairly quickly however
Effortful Memory (cont.)
• How much do we retain?
• Not much for long in short-term memory
• We forget much of what we learn
• We can relearn it fairly quickly however
• Cues that influence memory
• Semantic cues are helpful
Effortful Memory (cont.)
• How much do we retain?
• Not much for long in short-term memory
• We forget much of what we learn
• We can relearn it fairly quickly however
• Cues that influence memory
• Semantic cues are helpful
• Cues related to the self are even better
• Context effects increase memory - mood and place of
learning as memory cues
Effortful Memory (cont.)
• Interference in Memory - Learning names and learning
Spanish after learning French
Effortful Memory (cont.)
• Interference in Memory - Learning names and learning
Spanish after learning French
• Strategies to Improve Memory
• Mnemonics
• Chunking
Memory Without Awareness
• Research with Amnesiacs
• Procedural memory
• Despite having no knowledge that they have learned,
people can learn
• It doesn’t only happen with amnesiacs - the famous
names study
Clinical Psychology I - Psychological Disorders
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Anxiety Disorders
Mood Disorders
Psychotic Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Personality Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
• Phobias
Anxiety Disorders
• Phobias
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder/Panic Disorder
• Panic Attacks
Anxiety Disorders
• Phobias
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder/Panic Disorder
• Panic Attacks
• Agoraphobia
• Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
• Repetitive Thoughts
• Repetitive Behaviours
Common Obsessions and Compulsions
Explaining Anxiety Disorders
• Psychoanalytic Perspective
• Little Hans as an example
• Learning Perspective
• Little Albert as an example
• The Social Cognitive Perspective
• Observational Learning
• The Biological Perspective
• Why do phobias fall into natural categories
Phobias and Scary Things
Mood Disorders
• Major Affective Disorder
• poor appetite
• insomnia
• feelings of worthlessness
• loss of interest in others
Mood Disorders
• Major Affective Disorder
• poor appetite
• insomnia
• feelings of worthlessness
• loss of interest in others
• Bipolar Disorder
• High and Lows
• Lows like Major Depression
• Highs they have euphoria, grandiosity, agitation, and
pressured speech
Gender Differences in Depression
Explanations of Mood Disorders
• Psychoanalytic
• Anger Inward
• Biological
• Genetic Influences
• Brain Neurotransmitters
• Social-Cognitive
• Attributions for failure as stable, global, internal
• Vicious cycle of negative moods and thoughts
Vicious Cycle of Depression
Psychotic Disorders - Schizophrenia
• Disorganize Thinking
• Delusions
• Disturbed Perceptions
• Auditory hallucinations
• Inappropriate Emotions and Actions
• Social Withdrawal
• Types of Schizophrenia
• Positive Symptoms
• Negative Symptoms
Types of Schizophrenia
Explanations of Schizophrenia
• Psychoanalytic - Overflowing of the irrational
unconscious
• Biological
• Genetic Influences
• Brain Neurotransmitters
• Social Cognitive - the stress diathesis model
Dissociative Disorders
• Fugue - A person disappears and becomes someone else
• Dissociative Identity Disorder - (a.k.a. Multiple Personality
Disorder) - Several distinct ‘persons’ that share the same
body
Explanations of Dissociative Disorders
• It is real
• Distinct brain activity with different personalities
• It is a way to cope with anxiety
• Psychoanalytic, learning theorists fit here
• May be the result of severe abuse as a child
• It is not real
• Social phenomena perhaps created by hypnosis in
therapy
• 2 cases per decade 1930-1960; 20,000 cases in the
1980s
Personality Disorders
• Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Not aroused or upset by acts that are immoral and hurt
others
• Several famous criminals fit this profile
Personality Disorders
• Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Not aroused or upset by acts that are immoral and hurt
others
• Several famous criminals fit this profile
• Histrionic, Narcissistic and Borderline Personality
Disorder - impulsive, dramatic, and defensive style
• Avoidant Personality Disorder - high anxiety causes social
withdrawal
• Schizoid Personality Disorder - eccentric behaviour and
social withdrawal