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Harmonizing professional and non-professional classifications for enhanced knowledge representation Barbara H. Kwaśnik School of Information Studies Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, USA Mary Grace Flaherty School of Information Studies Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, USA ISKO Rome, Feb. 2010 Background Professional classifications Beghtol (2003) Classification created/revised Scholarly activity Consensus among scholars New knowledge Literary warrant becomes extensive Professional classifications Rely on norms and consensus of research communities Bounded by need to provide truest reflection of existing norms Reflects new knowledge rather than producing it Naïve Classifications Invented to serve a need Evolve from a contextualized goal, rather than from a commonly held one Harmonizing Classifications In previous studies we showed how classifications across cultural boundaries were adapted (e.g., English language DDC to Korean DDC) or how cultural differences for kinship terms were mapped in LCC and DDC In this study we introduce the notion of the “intrusion of deductive criteria”* * Hunn, Eugene. Tzeltal folk zoology: the classification of discontinuities in nature. 1977 The Intrusion of Deductive Criteria Hunn explains that Tzeltal folk zoology does not classify humans with monkeys. This is not because the Tzeltal powers of observation are different from the “scientific” ones, but rather because there is a story of how monkeys found themselves on the animal side. The story trumps the science. No matter what the inductive evidence of similarity, it isn’t sufficient to outweigh the deductive mythology. Naïve and professional In this same way naïve classifications are guided by particular goals and models of discovery. This doesn’t mean they are mutually exclusive, nor that we can’t use the synergy of both to expand and enrich our methods of representation. Most of Us Live in Several Worlds To the botanist a “weed” is just another plant. Does the gardener care about the weed’s botanical attributes? Does the botanist care about the weed’s effect on the garden? Perhaps. At times. Under some conditions. Approach Comparison of two classification schemes in medical information (using the search term Autism) ◦ Professional scheme U.S. National Library of Medicine’s MeSH ◦ Naïve scheme Commercial website – WebMD.com MeSH – Medical Subject Headings Since late 1800’s the US National Library of Medicine (NLM) has used their own terms for medical literature Controlled vocabulary Primary users are researchers and clinicians in biomedical fields MeSH Now over 25,000 main subject headings Also 160,000 “entry” terms to assist searching – ex.Vitamin C use Ascorbic Acid MeSH Medical literature - important to standardize terms ex. high blood pressure = hypertension outbreaks = disease outbreaks Hierarchical tree structure from broad to narrow WebMD.com Commercial website Operated by WebMD Corporation Most widely recognized for its consumer health website Primary audience ◦ General public Results Searched for the term autism ◦ MeSH ◦ WebMD MeSH Tree Structure Psychology and Psychiatry Category ◦ Mental Disorders ◦ Mental Disorders Diagnosed in Childhood ◦ Anxiety, Separation ◦ Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders ◦ Attention Deficit Disorder w/Hyperactivity ◦ Conduct Disorder ◦ Child Behavior Disorders ◦ Child Development Disorders, Pervasive ◦ Asperger Syndrome ◦ Autistic Disorder ◦ Rett Syndrome ◦ Schizophrenia, Childhood MeSH Psychiatry & Psychology Category Mental Disorders Mental Disorders Diagnosed in Childhood Child Dev. Disorders, Pervasive Subheadings* MeSH term: Autistic disorder Cerebrospinal fluid Blood Chemically induced Classification Diagnosis Diet therapy Drug therapy Economics Enzymology Immunology History Genetics Mortality Etiology Ethnology Epidemiology Parasitology Nursing Microbiology Metabolism Pathology Prevention & Control Physiopathology Therapy Psychology Radiography Surgery Ultrasonography Rehabilitation Radionuclide imaging Urine Virology Complications *This list of subheadings includes those paired at least once with this heading in Medline and may not reflect current rules for allowable combinations. WebMD Functions differently than MeSH No controlled vocabulary Master index ◦ 6500 topics arranged alphabetically ◦ Lead to 40 “health centers” Eye Health (18) Autism (114) Children’s Health (7) Vaccines (9) Brain (14) Health & Baby (21) Mental health (11) Symptoms Autism Spectrum Disorders Health Ctr. Health & Parenting (56) Refine by health topic Autism Exams & Tests Overview Other places to get help Treatment Overview Home Treatment ADD/ADHD (10) Drug results for autism Antidepressant no Help for Autism Behaviors (news) Ads by Yahoo! Recognizing autism (video) Autism Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & More Latest on Autism Rainfall, Autism may be linked Parenting a child with Autism Autism & Family Relationships History of Autism Autism in the Classroom What it’s like to have autism Highfunctioning Autism WebMD – results from search on front page of website (9/29/09) FAQ: Vaccine Court Hears Autism Cases Comparison MeSH ◦ Vocabulary Stable and permanent Relies on consensus WebMD ◦ Vocabulary “bit of a mess” opportunistic ◦ Syntax/Class. Structure ◦ Syntax/Class. Structure Elaborate tree structure No discernible structure ◦ Context Structured, but not contextualized ◦ Warrant Authoritative Scientific and literary ◦ Context Info. packaged and browseable ◦ Warrant Demand Cultural or educational Conclusions MeSH may benefit from WebMD’s approach ◦ Ongoing updates ◦ Currency ◦ Contextualization of terms WebMD may benefit from the MeSH approach ◦ Vocabulary control ◦ Better archival retrieval ◦ Richer expansion of terms References Beghtol, Clare, 2003, Classification for information retrieval and classification for knowledge discovery: Relationships between ‘professional’ and ‘naïve’ classifications. Knowledge Organization, 30(2): 64-73. Beghtol, Clare, 1986, Semantic validity: Concepts of warrant in bibliographic classification systems. Library Resources & Technical Services 30(2): 109-125 Hunn, Eugene S., 1977, Tzeltal Folk zoology:The classification of discontinuities in nature. New York: Academic Press, 1977. Kwaśnik, B.H., Rubin,V.L., 2003, Stretching conceptual structures in classifications across languages and cultures. Cataloging and Classification Quarterly. Kwaśnik, B.H., Chun,Y.-L., 2004.Translation of classifications: Issues and solutions as exemplified in the Korean Decimal Classification. Proceedings of ISKO, London. Reisinger, D., 2008, Will WebMD lose its stranglehold over health information? <www.techcrunch.com/2008/09/10/will-webmd-lose-its-stranglehold-over-health-information/>. Web MD Corporation, 2004, <www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/WebMD- CorporationCompany-History.html>. What we do for our users, WebMD, 2009, < www.webmd.com/about-webmd-policies/about-what-we-do-forour-users>. Web documents have been accessed September 29, 2009. Questions? Any Questions? Thank you.