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Chapter 16 Endocrine System Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 16 Lesson 16.1 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Objectives • Identify organs and structures of the endocrine system. • Define and spell word parts related to the endocrine system. • Define, pronounce, and spell disease and disorder terms related to the endocrine system. • Define, pronounce, and spell surgical terms related to the endocrine system. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Endocrine System The endocrine system is composed of endocrine glands distributed throughout the body. The endocrine glands are pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads (ovaries and testes), and thymus. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Functions of the Endocrine System • The endocrine system regulates body activities through the use of chemical messengers called hormones, which when released into the bloodstream influence metabolic activities, growth, and development. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5 The Endocrine System Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Endocrine Glands • pituitary: approximately the size of a pea, located at the base of the brain and is divided into two lobes – anterior lobe produces hormones • growth hormone (GH) • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) • thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) • gonadotropic: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) • prolactin releasing or lactogenic hormone (PRH) Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Endocrine Glands (cont’d) • pituitary (cont’d) – anterior lobe produces hormones (cont’d) • antidiuretic hormone (ADH) • oxytocin • hypothalamus: located near the pituitary gland in the brain that secretes “releasing” hormone that functions to stimulate or inhibit the release of pituitary gland hormones Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Endocrine Glands (cont’d) • thyroid: largest endocrine gland located in the neck below the larynx – produces hormones • triiodothyronine (T3) • thyroxine (T4) • parathyroid: four small bodies embedded in the posterior lobes of the thyroid gland – produces hormone • parathormone (PTH) Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Endocrine Glands (cont’d) • islets of Langerhans: clusters of endocrine tissue found throughout the pancreas – secretes hormones • insulin • glucagon • produces enzymes that facilitate digestion Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Endocrine Glands (cont’d) • adrenal glands: paired glands, one above each kidney. The outer portion is called the cortex, and the inner portion is called the medulla. – secrete hormones • cortisol (hydrocortisone) • aldosterone • epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Pituitary Gland, Hormones Secreted, and Target Organs Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Combining Forms of the Endocrine System • • • • • • • aden/o adren/o, adrenal/o cortic/o endocrin/o parathyroid/o pituitar/o thyroid/o, thyr/o Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Combining Forms Commonly Used with the Endocrine System Terms • • • • • acr/o calc/i dips/o kal/i natr/o Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Suffix • -drome Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Clicker Question Which of the following contains the word root meaning sodium? a) hypokalemia b) hyponatremia Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts • • • • • • • • • • acromegaly adenitis adenomegaly adenosis adrenalitis adrenomegaly hypercalcemia hyperglycemia hyperkalemia hyperpituitarism hyperthyroidism hypocalcemia hypoglycemia hypokalemia hyponatremia hypopituitarism hypothyroidism panhypopituitarism parathyroidoma thyroiditis Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts • • • • • acidosis Addison disease cretinism Cushing syndrome diabetes insipidus (DI) • diabetes mellitus (DM) • gigantism goiter Graves disease ketosis metabolic syndrome myxedema pheochromocytoma tetany thyrotoxicosis Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Cushing Syndrome Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Goiter Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts • • • • • • adenectomy adrenalectomy parathyroidectomy thyroidectomy thyroidotomy thyroparathyroidectomy Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Chapter 16 Lesson 16.2 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Objectives • Define, pronounce, and spell diagnostic terms related to the endocrine system. • Define, pronounce, and spell complementary terms related to the endocrine system. • Interpret the meaning of abbreviations related to the endocrine system. • Interpret, read, and comprehend medical language in simulated medical statements and documents. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts • Diagnostic imaging – radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU) – thyroid scan • Laboratory – fasting blood sugar (FBS) – glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) – thyroxine level (T4) – thyroid-stimulating hormone level (TSH) Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts • • • • • adrenocorticohyperplasia adrenopathy cortical corticoid endocrinologist • • • • • • endocrinology endocrinopathy euglycemia euthyroid polydipsia syndrome Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts • • • • exophthalmos hormone isthmus metabolism Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Clicker Question Hyperglycemia can be detected by: a) FBS b) TSH Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Abbreviations • • • • • • • ACTH ADH DI DM FBS FSH GH • • • • • • HbA1C LH PRH RAIU TSH T4 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Read Medical Terms in Use A 55-year-old female patient presented to her doctor because of a 10-pound weight gain, fatigue, hair loss, dry skin, and cold intolerance. She was referred to an endocrinologist, who established a diagnosis of hypothyroidism after test results indicated an elevated thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) level and a low thyroxine level. Thyroid hormone therapy was prescribed. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 29 Read Medical Terms in Use (cont’d) Approximately 20 years ago, she was diagnosed with Graves disease, characterized by hyperthyroidism, exophthalmos, fatigue, irritability, weight loss, and goiter. At this time, she had an increased radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU). Treatment included a thyroidectomy with subsequent thyroid hormone therapy. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 30 Read Medical Terms in Use (cont’d) She remained in a euthyroid state until she stopped taking the medication 6 months ago. Consequently, she became hypothyroid and could easily have developed myxedema if she had not sought treatment. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 31