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Chapter 16
Endocrine System
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 16
Lesson 16.1
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2
Objectives
• Identify organs and structures of the
endocrine system.
• Define and spell word parts related to the
endocrine system.
• Define, pronounce, and spell disease and
disorder terms related to the endocrine
system.
• Define, pronounce, and spell surgical
terms related to the endocrine system.
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
3
Endocrine System
The endocrine system is composed of
endocrine glands distributed throughout the
body. The endocrine glands are pituitary,
thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas,
gonads (ovaries and testes), and thymus.
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
4
Functions of the Endocrine System
• The endocrine system regulates body
activities through the use of chemical
messengers called hormones, which when
released into the bloodstream influence
metabolic activities, growth, and
development.
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
5
The Endocrine System
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
6
Endocrine Glands
• pituitary: approximately the size of a pea,
located at the base of the brain and is divided
into two lobes
– anterior lobe produces hormones
• growth hormone (GH)
• adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• gonadotropic: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),
luteinizing hormone (LH)
• prolactin releasing or lactogenic hormone (PRH)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Endocrine Glands (cont’d)
• pituitary (cont’d)
– anterior lobe produces hormones
(cont’d)
• antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
• oxytocin
• hypothalamus: located near the pituitary
gland in the brain that secretes “releasing”
hormone that functions to stimulate or
inhibit the release of pituitary gland
hormones
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Endocrine Glands (cont’d)
• thyroid: largest endocrine gland located in
the neck below the larynx
– produces hormones
• triiodothyronine (T3)
• thyroxine (T4)
• parathyroid: four small bodies embedded in
the posterior lobes of the thyroid gland
– produces hormone
• parathormone (PTH)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Endocrine Glands (cont’d)
• islets of Langerhans: clusters of
endocrine tissue found throughout the
pancreas
– secretes hormones
• insulin
• glucagon
• produces enzymes that facilitate digestion
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
10
Endocrine Glands (cont’d)
• adrenal glands: paired glands, one above
each kidney. The outer portion is called the
cortex, and the inner portion is called the
medulla.
– secrete hormones
• cortisol (hydrocortisone)
• aldosterone
• epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine
(noradrenaline)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
11
Pituitary Gland, Hormones
Secreted, and Target Organs
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
12
Combining Forms of
the Endocrine System
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
aden/o
adren/o, adrenal/o
cortic/o
endocrin/o
parathyroid/o
pituitar/o
thyroid/o, thyr/o
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Combining Forms Commonly Used
with the Endocrine System Terms
•
•
•
•
•
acr/o
calc/i
dips/o
kal/i
natr/o
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14
Suffix
• -drome
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
15
Clicker Question
Which of the following contains the word
root meaning sodium?
a) hypokalemia
b) hyponatremia
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Disease and Disorder Terms
Built from Word Parts
•
•
•
•
•
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•
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•
•
acromegaly
adenitis
adenomegaly
adenosis
adrenalitis
adrenomegaly
hypercalcemia
hyperglycemia
hyperkalemia
hyperpituitarism










hyperthyroidism
hypocalcemia
hypoglycemia
hypokalemia
hyponatremia
hypopituitarism
hypothyroidism
panhypopituitarism
parathyroidoma
thyroiditis
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17
Disease and Disorder Terms Not
Built from Word Parts
•
•
•
•
•
acidosis
Addison disease
cretinism
Cushing syndrome
diabetes insipidus
(DI)
• diabetes mellitus
(DM)
• gigantism








goiter
Graves disease
ketosis
metabolic syndrome
myxedema
pheochromocytoma
tetany
thyrotoxicosis
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Cushing Syndrome
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Goiter
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20
Surgical Terms Built from
Word Parts
•
•
•
•
•
•
adenectomy
adrenalectomy
parathyroidectomy
thyroidectomy
thyroidotomy
thyroparathyroidectomy
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
21
Chapter 16
Lesson 16.2
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
22
Objectives
• Define, pronounce, and spell diagnostic
terms related to the endocrine system.
• Define, pronounce, and spell
complementary terms related to the
endocrine system.
• Interpret the meaning of abbreviations
related to the endocrine system.
• Interpret, read, and comprehend medical
language in simulated medical statements
and documents.
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
23
Diagnostic Terms Not Built from
Word Parts
• Diagnostic imaging
– radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU)
– thyroid scan
• Laboratory
– fasting blood sugar (FBS)
– glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C)
– thyroxine level (T4)
– thyroid-stimulating hormone level (TSH)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
24
Complementary Terms Built from
Word Parts
•
•
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•
•
adrenocorticohyperplasia
adrenopathy
cortical
corticoid
endocrinologist
•
•
•
•
•
•
endocrinology
endocrinopathy
euglycemia
euthyroid
polydipsia
syndrome
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Complementary Terms Not Built
from Word Parts
•
•
•
•
exophthalmos
hormone
isthmus
metabolism
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26
Clicker Question
Hyperglycemia can be detected by:
a) FBS
b) TSH
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
27
Abbreviations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ACTH
ADH
DI
DM
FBS
FSH
GH
•
•
•
•
•
•
HbA1C
LH
PRH
RAIU
TSH
T4
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
28
Read Medical Terms in Use
A 55-year-old female patient presented to her
doctor because of a 10-pound weight gain,
fatigue, hair loss, dry skin, and cold intolerance.
She was referred to an endocrinologist, who
established a diagnosis of hypothyroidism
after test results indicated an elevated thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) level and a low
thyroxine level. Thyroid hormone therapy was
prescribed.
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
29
Read Medical Terms in Use (cont’d)
Approximately 20 years ago, she was
diagnosed with Graves disease, characterized
by hyperthyroidism, exophthalmos, fatigue,
irritability, weight loss, and goiter. At this time,
she had an increased radioactive iodine
uptake (RAIU). Treatment included a
thyroidectomy with subsequent thyroid
hormone therapy.
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
30
Read Medical Terms in Use (cont’d)
She remained in a euthyroid state until she
stopped taking the medication 6 months
ago. Consequently, she became hypothyroid
and could easily have developed
myxedema if she had not sought treatment.
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
31