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Transcript
Endocrine System Unit-P The foundations of the endocrine system are the hormones (chemicals) that are secreted by the endocrine glands. Objectives • 1H16.01 Explain the structure of the endocrine system. • 1H16.02 Analyze the functions of the endocrine system. • 1H16.03 Discuss characteristics & treatment of common endocrine disorders. • Main Functions -To secrete hormones • Body cells that react to a particular hormone are ct target cells. • Cells that react to a particular hormones are called target organ cells. • The 2 Types of Glands. • ENDOCRINE • EXOCRINE ENDOCRINE • Secretes hormones directly into the blood stream. • Ductless Exocrine Secrete substance through a duct and release secretions in the skin or inside of the mouth. Sweat, salivary, lacrimal & pancreas Hormone Control Negative feedback-drop in hormone level triggers a chain reaction. a. Blood levels of hormone b. Brain gets message & sends out hormone to stimulate. c. Gland secretes more hormones d. When blood level of hormone brain hormones stop. Nervous Control In some cases, sympathetic nervous system causes direct release of hormone from gland (for example, when stress causes the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline. Adrenaline causes heart contraction, vasoconstriction, & increased heart rate. Pineal Gland • Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland which seems to play an important role in regulating sleeping. Pituitary Gland Master Gland Has two Lobes-Anterior & Posterior 1. Tiny structure size of grape. 2. Located at base of the brain in the cranial cavity. 3. Connected to hypothalamus. 4. Divided into anterior and posterior lobes. Anterior Pituitary Lobe Functions A. Controls growth hormone B. Prolactin-development of breast tissue, stimulates production of milk after childbirth. C. Thyroid-stimulating hormone-TSHstimulates (thyroid gland) thyroxine. D. Adrenocorticotropic hormone-ACTHstimulates adrenal cortex. F. Follicle Stimulating Hormone-FSHstimlutes growth of graafian follicle (in the ovaries) & production of estrogen in females, sperm in males. FSH/LH act on the ovaries & testes. G. Luteinizing Hormone-LH-stimulats ovulation & formation of corpus luteum, which produces progestrone in females. Pituitary Gland Posterior Pituitary Lobe A. Vasopressin-converts to ADH (antidiurectic hormone) in the bloodstream acts on kidney to concentrate urine & preserve H2O in the body. B. Oxytocin-released during childbirth causing contractions of the uterus. Thyroid Gland 1. Butterfly-shaped mass of tissue. 2. On either side of larynx, in front of the trachea. 3. H-shaped. Thyroid Function 1. Main hormone, thyroxine, is controlled by secretion of TSH. 2. Thyroxine controls the rate of metabolism. & stimulate cellar metabolism. 3. Calcitonin, another hormone that controls calcium ion concentration in the body, prevents hypocalcemia. Thymus 1. Endocrine gland & lymphatic organ. 2. Located behind sternum, above and in front of heart. (thoracic cavity) 3. Begins to disappear at puberty. Adrenal Glands Located on top of each kidney. Functions Adrenal cortex secretes Corticoids (anti-inflammatory hormones) & sex hormones Androgens-male sex hormones. Adrenalin-hormone from adrenal medulla, powerful cardiac stimulant, produced response to stress “fight or flight” hormone Pancreas Located behind the stomach. Endocrine & exocrine functions. FUNCTIONS Islets of Langerhans-Insulin production that utilization of glucose (insulin blood sugar) (Endocrine function) After meals is when the pancreas secretes the most insulin. Located in Abdominal cavity. Parathyroid Glands 1. Four glands, each the size of a grain of rice. Located in the neck. 2. Attached to posterior thyroid. FUNCTION Produce parathormone which helps control blood calcium, prevents hypocalcemia. Tetany Hypofunctioning of the parathyriod glands leads to tetany. Decreased calcium levels affect functions of nerves. Symptoms – Convulsive twitching develops, person dies of spasms in the respiratory muscles Rx – Vitamin D, calcium & parathormone. Gonads - located in pelvic cavity. 1. Ovary in female. 2. Testes in male. Gonads Hormones • Estrogen-development of female reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics. • Progesterone-plays a part in the menstrual cycle. • Testosterone-male reproductive organs & secondary sex characteristics. Prostaglandins Tissue hormones, can cause constriction of blood vessels, muscle contractions. Can be used to induce labor. Common Endocrine Disorders. Dwarfism Hypofunction of pituitary in childhood. Defect in growth hormone. Small size, but body proportions & intellect normal. Rx – Early diagnosis, injection of growth hormone. one or more body parts being disproportionately large or small compared to the rest of the body. A person with an adult height of less than 4 feet 10 inches . Midget An extremely short but normally proportioned person. Gigantism Hyperfunction of pituitary – Too much growth hormone. In preadolescence – Overgrowth of long bones leads to excessive tallness. Acromegaly is enlargement of the bones of the hands, feet & joints (protruding chin-common symptom) Hyperthyroidism Overactive thyroid gland-Nervous irritability Too much thyroxine leads to enlargement of gland. Symptoms – Consuming large quantities of food but lose weight. Goiter – Enlargement of gland low dietary intake of iodine ( cause of simple goiter. Exophthalmos – Bulging of Eyeballs Tx.Partial/total removal of gland, drugs to reduce include thyroxine radiation Hypothyroidism Not enough thyroxine May be due to lack of iodine (simple goiter) Symptoms – Dry, itchy skin; dry and brittle hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night. Diabetes Mellitus Cause – Decreased secretion of insulin. Symptoms – Polyuria, Polyphagia (insatiable appetite), polydipsia, weight loss, blurred vision, & possible diabetic coma. If not treated, excess glucose in blood (hyperglycemia) & secreted in urine (glycosuria) If too much insulin given, BS can get too low (hypoglycemia) & person can develop insulin shock. Diabetes Mellitus • A typical screening procedure for diabetes mellitus is? Non insulin-dependent – Most common, usually familial, occurs later in life, usually treated with diet. Test for diabetes – Blood sample at home, normal blood sugar is 80-100 mg. Hyperglycemia (High Blood Glucose) Causes: Too much food, too little insulin or diabetes medicine, illness or stress. Onset: Gradual, may progress to diabetic coma. Symptoms: Extreme thirst, frequent urination, dry skin, hunger, blurred vision, drowsiness, and nausea. What can you do? Take blood glucose tests, and if over 250 mg/dL for several tests, call your doctor. Hypoglycemia/Low Blood Glucose) Causes: Too much insulin or diabetes medicine, or extra exercise. Onset: Sudden, may progress to insulin shock. Symptoms: Shaking, fast heartbeat, sweating, anxious, dizziness, hunger, impaired vision, weakness fatigue, headache, and irritability. Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Glucose) What can you do? Drink ½ glass of orange juice or skim milk, or eat several hard candies, test your blood glucose; if symptoms don’t stop call your doctor, within 30 minutes after symptoms go away, eat a light snack (a ½ peanut butter or meat sandwich and a ½ glass of milk.