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Chemicals released in one part of the body that travel through the bloodstream and affect the activities of target cells. Hormones are made in endocrine glands. The glands release the hormones directly into the bloodstream. Hormones travel to their site of action to perform their function. Endocrine glands are scattered throughout the body. Glands can secrete one or more hormones each with different functions Lets look at some examples to demonstrate the diversity of functions Hypothalamus Portion of the brain that connects the nervous system with the endocrine system Controls the secretions of the pituitary gland Pituitary Gland Secretes 9 hormones! ▪ Some are involved in production of sperm and egg ▪ Others are involved in water absorption Parathyroids Secretes Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) to regulate calcium levels in the blood Thyroid Regulates the body’s metabolism Adrenals “Fight or flight” response ▪ Release of epinephrine & norephinephine Pancreas An organ made up of two types of glands ▪ Exocrine gland- releases digestive enzymes into stomach ▪ Endocrine gland-releases the hormones insulin and glucagon into bloodstream Testes Produce testosterone Ovaries Produce estrogen & progesterone By the union of a male and a female gamete. Gametes are produced in the sex organs. Males produce sperm in the testes. Females produce eggs in the ovaries. Are you born with the capability to reproduce? No! What has to happen first? PUBERTY! Two hormones released from the pituitary gland causes the onset of puberty. Testes begin making testosterone. Results in development of male characteristics Ovaries begin making estrogen. Results in the development of female characteristics. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone stimulates the production of sperm. Sperm are haploid. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone stimulates the production of sperm. Sperm are haploid. Born with all the egg cells they will ever produce. Eggs are haploid. FSH causes maturation of the egg. Progesterone signals for a thickening of the uterus lining. When the sperm is deposited in the female reproductive system, the sperm swim until they encounter an egg, or until they die. If sperm does not reach the egg, fertilization does not occur. If the egg is not fertilized within 24-48 hours, it dies. Sexual Why? HAPLOID + HAPLOID = DIPLOID Aquatic animals release male and female gametes near one another in the water, where fertilization occurs. This is called external fertilization because the egg is fertilized outside the female body. Most land animals reproduce sexually by internal fertilization, the union of sperm and egg within the female’s body. Once fertilization occurs, developing eggs must be kept moist. How? Shells protect them from drying out! OR Eggs develop internally.