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• Many different organs and systems work together in an effort to keep us alive and healthy. • In this ongoing struggle, the lymphatic system plays a central role. • The lymphatic system is an extensive drainage network that helps keep bodily fluid levels in balance, defends the body against infections, and assists in tissue repairs. • The production, maintenance and distribution of lymphocytes. – to defend the body against disease by producing lymphocytes – The lymphocytes, protect the body against antigens (viruses, bacteria, etc.) that invade the body. – Lymphocytes are produced and stored within lymphoid organs, such as the spleen, thymus and bone marrow. • The return of fluid and solutes from the peripheral tissues of the blood. – to collect and return interstitial fluid, including plasma protein to the blood, and thus help maintain fluid balance. – The return of fluids through the lymphatic system maintains normal blood volume. – The flow is ~3.6 liters per day and a break in a major lymphatic vessel can cause a rapid and potentially fatal decline in blood volume. • The distribution of hormones, nutrients and waste products from their tissues to the general circulation. – to absorb lipids from the intestine and transport them to the blood. – Substances that are unable to enter the blood stream directly can do so via the lymphatic vessels. • 3 components • 1. Vessels– A network of lymphatic vessels that begins in the peripheral tissues and connects to the venous system. • 2. Fluid – Called Lymph (clear and watery), flows through the lymphatic vessels. – Lymph Fluid contains: • Fluid from the intestines (chyme), which contains proteins and fats. • Red blood cells • White blood cells, especially lymphocytes, the cells that attack bacteria in the blood • 3. Lymphoid organs– Lymphoid organs are connected to the lymphatic vessels and contain large numbers of lymphocytes. (Ex. Lymph nodes, spleen and thymus). • Carry lymph from the peripheral tissues to the venous system in all parts of the body except the CNS (central nervous system). • The smallest vessels are called lymphatic capillaries. These capillaries carry lymph to the larger lymphatic vessels. • The lymphatic vessels ultimately empty into two large collecting ducts: thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct. – Lymph organs include the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus. – Human lymph nodes, called lymph glands and “swollen glands,” are bean-shaped and range in size from a few millimeters to about 1-2 cm in their normal state. – They may become enlarged due to a tumor or infection. – White blood cells are located within honeycomb structures of the lymph nodes. – Spleen- The spleen, which is located in the upper left part of the abdomen under the ribcage, works as part of the lymphatic system to protect the body. – It clears worn out red blood cells and other foreign bodies from the bloodstream to help fight off infection. • Tonsil—The tonsils are areas of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. • An infection of the tonsils is called tonsillitis. • Thymus- an organ located in the upper anterior portion of the chest cavity just behind the sternum. • Hormones produced by this organ stimulate the production of certain infection-fighting cells. • Through the hormones it produces, the thyroid gland influences almost all of the metabolic processes in your body. • Thyroid disorders can range from a small, harmless goiter (enlarged gland) that needs no treatment to life-threatening cancer. • The most common thyroid problems involve abnormal production of thyroid hormones. • Too much of these vital body chemicals results in a condition known as hyperthyroidism. • Insufficient hormone production leads to hypothyroidism. • Hyperthyroidism• All types of hyperthyroidism are due to an overproduction of thyroid hormones, but the condition can occur in several different ways. • Hypothyroidism• By contrast, stems from an underproduction of thyroid hormones. • For your body to have the energy it needs, it requires certain amounts of thyroid hormones, a drop in hormone production leads to lower energy levels.