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Blood & Endocrine
System
Joshua Topacio
Paul Lim
Noelani Noriega
Justin Amador
Per. 2
What is this system and
what is its purpose?
•
Control system of ductless glands that
secrete hormones within specific organs
•
Hormones act as “messengers” and are
carried by the bloodstream to different
cells in the body, which interpret these
messages and act on them.
•
Controls height, weight, growth,
maturation, adaptation to stress, sexual
response, reproduction, aging, and
maintains homeostasis
• Without it, there would be no
regulation
•
Hormones released into the
extracellular areas to the bloodstream,
and then to the rest of the body.
Erythrocytes
(red blood cells)
• Their job is to transport oxygen
• Makes up 40-50% of total blood
• Red because of oxygenation
• The average lifespan of a red blood cell is 4 months
Leukocytes
(White blood cells)
• Produced in bone marrow just like red blood cells.
Also produced in thymus gland
• They get rid of dead or dying blood cells and foreign
matter like dust
• Makes up a small part of bloods volume (1%)
• Life span is about 18-36 hours
Thrombocytes
(Platelets)
• A blood cell that clogs small ruptures
• Cell fragments (no nuclei)
plazma
• Its purpose is to carry blood throughout the body
• Made of water sugar, salt solution, and fat
• Accounts for about of 55% of bloods volume
Hematopoiesis
• Hematopoiesis: The formation of blood cells
• Begins in red bone marrow with hematopoietic stem
cells. When the stem cells commits it will become a red
blood cell.
• Our body makes about two million red blood cells
every second.
Cell counting
• Cell counting is used to determine a persons health.
• A hemocytometer is the tool most used.
• It can be used to determine how quickly a pathogen is
growing or to prepare for the correct amount of
medicine.
Erythropoiesis
• Erythropoiesis: the process in which erythrocytes
(RBCs) are produced.
- stimulated by decreased oxygen in circulation.
- detected by kidneys.
- secrete erythropoietin hormone.
Erythropoiesis (cont.)
• Erythropoietin: hormone that stimulates proliferation
& differentiation of red cell precursors. It controls the
rate of RBC formation.
- activate increased erythropoiesis in the
hematopoietic tissue .
- Hematopoietic Tissue: blood-forming tissue,
consisting of reticular fibers & cells.
Clotting components and Mechanisms
• Coagulation: causes formation of a blood clot by a
series of reactions (chain reaction)
Clotting components and Mechanisms (cont.)
• Release of biochemicals from broken vessels/ tissues
Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism
• Blood contact with foreign surfaces
Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism
Clotting components and Mechanisms (cont.)
• Extrinsic Clotting
• Tissues and Calcium
• Intrinsic Clotting
• Vascular System and
platelets
Clotting components and Mechanisms (cont.)
• Prevention: Endothelium, heparin- secreting cells
(liver & lungs), alpha globulin
• Fibrin threads grab onto or absorb thrombin when a
clot is forming. The bindings are also a prevention.
Structure of
Hormones
• Chemistry
• Range: Steroid to nonsteroids and everything in between
• All organic
Steroid hormones
•
Cholesterol is the base
•
Things attached to cholesterol differentiate
Nonsteroid
Hormones
• Amines
• Exs. Norepinephrine and epinephrine
• From amino acid tyrosine
Nonsteroid
Hormones
• Protein hormones
Nonsteroid
Hormones
• Glycoproteins
• From anterior pituitary glands
Nonsteroid
Hormones
• Posterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus
Hormones Activity
• Must bind to a receptor
• Up regulation / down regulation
Steroid Hormones and
Thyroid hormones
• Weakly bind to plasma proteins
Nonsteroid
Hormones bonding
nd
2
Common
messengers
• Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Common 2nd messenger
effects
•
Alter membrane permeability
•
Activate enzymes
•
Promote synthesis of certain proteins
•
Stimulate or inhibit metabolic pathways
•
Promote cellular movement
•
Initiate hormone secretion or other
PROSTAGLANDINS
• Paracrine substances
• Powerful but rarely used
Can regulate cellular responses to hormones
can stop adenylate cyclase
Effects:
Relax smooth muscle to smooth pathways, contractions,
influence sodium concentrations, regulate blood pressure,
affect reproductive physiology, inflame
PITUITARY Gland
• Releases from
hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
(cont.)
• Anterior pituitary hormones
• Growth hormone
• Controlled by somatostatin
• Prolactin
• Female: Promotes breast
development and milk
production
• Male: decreases LH
Pituitary gland
(cont.)
• Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)
• Controls secretion of
hormones from thyroid
gland
• Thyrotropin-releasing
hormone regulates
Pituitary gland
(cont.)
• Adrenacorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
• Controls adrenal cortex
hormones
Pituitary gland
(cont.)
• Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormones
are gonadotropins (affecting reproductive organs)
Pituitary gland
(cont.)
• Posterior pituitary hormones
• Hormones from hypothalamus
• ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
• Causes kidneys to keep in water
• Oxycotin (OT)
• Antidiuretic effect and contracts uterine wall muscles
Thyroid gland
• In neck
•
Follicle cells secrete
• Thyroxine and
triiodothyronine
•
Increases metabolism rate,
enhance protein synthesis, and
stimulate lipid breakdown.
• Calcitonin
•
Lowers blood calcium and
phosphate ion concentrations
(regulate calcium)
• Parathyroid hormone
•
Reviewed from skeletal unit
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Glands
• Medulla: Epinephrine and
norepinephrine
•
Increase heart rate, muscle
contraction, elevate blood
pressure, increase breathing
rate, decrease digestive activity
Cortex:
• Aldosterone saves sodium and
excretes potassium
•
Helps maintain blood volume
and pressure
• Cortisol
•
Stops protein synthesis,
releases fatty acids, and
stimulates glucose production
from noncarbs
Adrenal Glands
• Sex hormones
• Supplement sex hormones
of gonads
Pancreas
• Islets of langerhans
• Secretes:
• Glucagon: stimulates liver
to make glucose and break
fat down
• Insulin stimulates glucose
storage, and protein
synthesis, and stimulate
fat storage
• Somatostatin inhibits
insulin and glucagon
Pineal Gland
• Melatonin inhibits secretion of gonadotropins
Thymus gland
• Thymosin is for immunity
Other glands of
organs
• Organs of other systems (cardio, digestive) also have
glands
• REPRODUCTIVE
• Placenta: Estrogen, progesterone, gonadotropin
• Ovaries: Estrogen, progesterone
• Testes secrete testosterone
Other glands of
organs
• Situated at linings of stomach and small intestine
• Liver: IGF for immediate growth
• Heart secretes atrial artriuretic peptide hormone
• kidneys secrete erythropoietein
Control of
Secretions
• Half-life
• Control Sources
• Hepcidin
• Blocks iron to hinder viruses using it
• Thrombopoietin (TPO)
• Bone marrow differntiates into megakaryocytes to platelets for
clotting
Control of
Secretions
• Angiotensinogen precedes angiotensin to handle blood
pressure
• All of these sense hormone concentration, hormonal
process, or an action hormone has on internal
environment
Control of
Secretions
• Hypothalamus controls anterior pituitary gland’s
release of tropic hormone
• Nervous system keeps the hypothalamus updated
Control of
Secretions
• Positive and negative feedback
Blood TYping
• Definition
• A classification of blood based on the presence or
absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface
of red blood cells
ABO Blood
group System
Phenotype
• Most important bloodgroup system in humanblood transfusion
• Based on 2 genes, one
from each parent
Genotype
A
AA or AO
B
BB or BO
AB
AB
O
OO
• Found on surface of red
blood cells
Rh Blood
group system
• Second most significant
blood-group system in
human-blood transfusion
• Also found on surface of red
blood cells
• Consists of 50 defined bloodgroup antigens, among which
the five antigens D, C, c, E,
and e are most important
• Commonly used terms Rh
factor, Rh positive, and Rh
negative refer to D antigen
• People who have the Rh
factor are Rh-positive, and
those that don’t are Rh
negative
compatability
• ABO incompatibility occurs
when people receive a
different blood type
• Rh incompatibility occurs
when Rh-negative people
receive Rh-positive blood
• Pregnancy
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