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Journal #1- How many bones make
up the appendicular skeleton? What
are the 4 major components?
Objective:
Fun FACT:
*Identify the bones that
The only bone that is
make up the pectoral
girdle, their functions,
full size at birth is
and features.
the stapes in the
*Identify the bones of the
ear. (The stirrup)
upper limbs, their
functions, and features
Chapter 8:
The Appendicular Skeleton
Part I: pgs. 239-245
The Appendicular Skeleton
Figure 8–1
The Appendicular Skeleton
Allows us to move and manipulate
objects
 Includes all bones besides axial
skeleton:

– the limbs
– the supportive girdles
The Pectoral Girdle
Figure 8–2a
The Pectoral Girdle
Also called the shoulder girdle
 Connects the arms to the body
 Positions the shoulders
 Provides a base for arm movement

The Pectoral Girdle

Consists of:
– 2 clavicles
– 2 scapulae

Connects with the axial skeleton only at
the manubrium
The Clavicles
Figure 8–2b, c
The Clavicles
Also called collarbones
 Long, S-shaped bones
 Originate at the manubrium (sternal
end)
 Articulate with the scapulae (acromial
end)

The Scapulae
Also called shoulder blades
 Broad, flat triangles
 Articulate with arm and collarbone

The Scapula

Anterior surface: the
subscapular fossa
Figure 8–3a
Structures of the Scapula

Body has 3 sides:
– superior border
– medial border (vertebral border)
– lateral border (axillary border)
Structures of the Scapula

Body has 3 corners:
– superior angle
– inferior angle
– lateral angle
Structures of the Scapula
Figure 8–3b
The Scapular Head
Holds glenoid cavity
 Which articulates with humerus
 To form shoulder joint

Processes of the Glenoid Cavity

Coracoid process:
– anterior, smaller

Acromion:
– posterior, larger
– articulates with clavicle
– at the acromioclavicular joint
Structures of the Scapula

Posterior surface
Figure 8–3c
Posterior Features
of the Scapula

Scapular spine:
– ridge across posterior surface of body

Separates 2 regions:
– supraspinous fossa
– infraspinous fossa
PLAY
3D Rotation of Scapula,
Clavicle and Humerus
The Upper Limbs

Arms, forearms, wrists, and hands
Note: arm (brachium) = 1 bone, the
humerus
The Humerus
Figure 8–4
The Humerus
Also called the arm
 The long, upper armbone
 Articulates with the pectoral girdle

Tubercles of the
Proximal Epiphysis

Separated by the intertubercular
groove:
– greater tubercle:
• lateral
• forms tip of shoulder
– lesser tubercle:
• anterior, medial
Head and Neck

Head:
– rounded, articulating surface
– contained within joint capsule

Anatomical neck:
– margin of joint capsule

Surgical neck:
– the narrow metaphysis
The Shaft

Deltoid tuberosity:
– a bulge in the shaft
– attaches deltoid muscle

Radial groove:
– for radial nerve
– posterior to deltoid tuberosity
The Distal Epiphysis

Medial and lateral epicondyles:
– for muscle attachment

Condyle of the humerus:
– articulates with ulna and radius
Articular Regions of the Condyle

Trochlea:
– coronoid fossa and olecranon fossa
– articulates with ulna

Capitulum:
– radial fossa
– articulates with radius
The Forearm
Figure 8–5
The Forearm
Also called the antebrachium
 Consists of 2 long bones:

– ulna (medial)
– radius (lateral)
Ulna: The Olecranon
Superior end of ulna
 Point of elbow
 Superior lip of trochlear notch
 Articulates with trochlea of humerus

Ulna: The Coronoid Process

Inferior lip of trochlear notch
Ulna: Articulations
with the Humerus

Forearm extended:
– olecranon enters olecranon fossa

Forearm flexed:
– coronoid process enters coronoid fossa
Ulna: Other Articulations

Radial notch:
– articulates with head of radius
– forms proximal radioulnar joint

Ulnar head:
– prominent styloid process
– attaches to articular disc between forearm
and wrist
Interosseous Membrane
A fibrous sheet
 Connects lateral margin of ulnar shaft to
radius

Journal #2: Which 3 bones
articulate with the humerus?

Fun Fact:
Sneezes can
exceed a speed of
100 miles per hour.
Coughs usually
clock in around 60
mph

Objective: Identify
the bones that form
the pectoral girdle
and upper limbs as
well as their features
and markings.
The Radius
Lateral bone of forearm
 Disk-shaped radial head above the neck
 Radial tuberosity below the neck,
attaches biceps

Articulations of the Radius

Ulnar notch:
– distal end
– articulates with wrist and radius

Styloid process:
– stabilizes wrist joint
The Wrist

8 carpal bones:
– 4 proximal carpal bones
– 4 distal carpal bones
– allow wrist to bend and twist
The Wrist
Figure 8–6
The 4 Proximal Carpal Bones

Scaphoid bone:
– near styloid process

Lunate bone:
– medial to scaphoid

Triquetrum:
– medial to lunate bone

Pisiform bone:
– anterior to triquetrum
The 4 Distal Carpal Bones

Trapezium:
– lateral

Trapezoid bone:
– medial to trapezium

Capitate bone:
– largest

Hamate bone:
– medial, distal
Metacarpal Bones
The 5 long bones of the hand
 Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to
medial
 Articulate with proximal phalanges

Phalanges of the Hands

Pollex (thumb):
– 2 phalanges (proximal, distal)

Fingers:
– 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
Journal #3: Copy Bones & Markings to know!!!





Clavicle
– Acromial End, Sternal end, Conoid Tubercle, & Costal
Tuberosity
Scapula
– Coracoid Process, Acromion, S/M/L Border, Body, Spine,
Glenoid Cavity (fossa), Infra/Supra spinous fossa
Humerus
– Greater/Lesser Tubercle, Head, Neck (anatomical &
surgical) Deltoid Tuberosity, Radial Groove, L/M
Epicondyle, Trochlea, Capitulum, Olecranon fossa,
Coronoid fossa, Radial Fossa
Radius
– Radial Head & Neck, Radial Tuberosity, Styloid Process
Ulna
– Olecranon, Styloid Process, Ulnar Head, Coronoid Process
Appendicular Skeleton Notes
Part II- Pelvic girdle and lower limbs

Interactive pgs. 245-255
Journal #4: Trace your hand and
number and label your
metacarpals and phalanges
(proximal, medial, and distal).
Fun Fact:
The human
body has
around 60,000
miles of blood
vessels

Objective: Identify the
bones that make up the
pectoral girdle and
upper limbs as well as
their structures
(markings) and
functions.
Journal #5: The pelvis (hip) is
made up of which 3 bones?
Fun Fact: The
STOMACH
produces 2 liters
of HYDROCHLORIC
ACID every
day.500,000 cells
of stomach’s
inner walls are
replaced every
minute so that
acid does not
damage the walls

Objective:
– Identify the bones that
form the pelvic girdle, their
function, and features
– Identify the bones of the
lower limbs, and their
features
– Compare and contrast the
features of the male and
female pelvis
The Appendicular Skeleton
Part II- Interactive pgs. 245-255
The Pelvic Girdle
Figure 8–7
The Pelvic Girdle
Made up of 2 hipbones (ossa coxae)
 Strong to bear body weight, stress of
movement
 Part of the pelvis

Os Coxae

Made up of 3 fused bones:
– ilium (articulates with sacrum)
– ischium
– pubis
The Acetabulum
Also called the hip socket
 Is the meeting point of the ilium,
ischium, and pubis
 Is on the lateral surface of the os coxae
 Articulates with head of the femur
(lunate surface)

Acetabular Notch

A gap in the ridge of the margins of the
acetabulum
Marks of the Ilium

Greater sciatic notch:
– for sciatic nerve
Marks of the Ischium

Ischial spine:
– above lesser sciatic notch

Ischial tuberosity:
– posterior projection you sit on

Ischial ramus:
– meets inferior ramus of pubis
Marks of the Pubis

Superior ramus:
– meets pubic tubercle

Pubic symphysis:
– gap between pubic tubercles
– padded with fibrocartilage
Marks of the Pelvic Girdle

Obturator foramen:
– formed by ischial and pubic rami
– attaches hip muscles
Marks of the Pelvic Girdle

Pectineal line:
– ridge of superior ramus of pubis
– continues to iliac crest as arcuate line

Iliac fossa:
– depression between ileac crest and
arcuate line
Articulations of the Pelvic Girdle

Sacroiliac joint:
– articulation of posterior auricular surface of
ilium
– with the sacrum
– stabilized by ligaments of iliac tuberosity
The Pelvis
Figure 8–8
The Pelvis
Consists of 2 ossa coxae, the sacrum,
and the coccyx
 Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle,
sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae

PLAY
3D Rotation of Pelvis
Divisions of the Pelvis
Figure 8–9
Divisions of the Pelvis

True pelvis:
– encloses pelvic cavity

False pelvis:
– blades of ilium above arcuate line
The True Pelvis

Pelvic brim:
– upper edge of true pelvis
– encloses pelvic inlet
The True Pelvis

Perineum region:
– inferior edges of true pelvis
– forms pelvic outlet
– perineal muscles support organs of pelvic
cavity
Comparing the Male
and Female Pelvis
Figure 8–10
Comparing the Male
and Female Pelvis

Female pelvis:
– smoother
– lighter
– less prominent muscle and ligament
attachments
PLAY
Male and Female Pelvis
Pelvis Modifications
for Childbearing
Enlarged pelvic outlet
 Broad pubic angle (> 100°)
 Less curvature of sacrum and coccyx
 Wide, circular pelvic inlet
 Broad, low pelvis
 Ilia project laterally, not upwards

Journal #6: Which bone of the
lower limbs does not have a
matching counterpart in the upper
limbs?
Fun Fact:. The indent under
your nose is called called the
philtrum. In the womb the
two sides of your face
developed independently of
one another, then joined at the
middle. When the two sides
fail to fuse properly, the result
is a cleft palate.

Objective: identify the
bones that form the
pelvic girdle and lower
limbs as well as their
function and markings.
The Lower Limbs

Functions:
– weight bearing
– motion
Note: leg = lower leg; thigh = upper
leg
Bones of the Lower Limbs
Femur (thigh)
 Patella (kneecap)
 Tibia and fibula (leg)
 Tarsals (ankle)
 Metatarsals (foot)
 Phalanges (toes)

The Femur

The longest, heaviest bone
Figure 8–11
Femur: The Proximal Epiphysis

Femoral head:
– articulates with pelvis at acetabulum
– attaches at fovea capitis
Femur: The Neck
Narrow area between head and
trochanters
 Joins shaft at angle

Femur: Trochanters

Greater and lesser trochanters:
– tendon attachments

Intertrochanteric line (anterior) and
intertrochanteric crest (posterior):
– mark edge of articular capsule
Femur: The Shaft

Linea aspera:
– most prominent ridge of shaft
– attaches hip muscles
– joins epicondyles
Femur: The Distal Epiphysis

Medial and lateral epicondyles:
– above the knee joint

Medial and lateral condyles:
– separated by intercondylar fossa and
patellar surface
– form part of knee joint
The Patella
Figure 8–12
The Patella
Also called the kneecap
 A sesamoid bone
 Formed within tendon of quadriceps
femoris
 Base attaches quadriceps femoris
 Apex attaches patellar ligament

The Tibia
Figure 8–13
The Tibia
Also called the shinbone
 Supports body weight
 Larger than fibula
 Medial to fibula

Tibia: The Proximal Epiphysis

Medial and lateral tibial condyles:
– separated by intercondylar eminence
– articulate with medial and lateral condyles
of femur

Tibial tuberosity:
– attaches patellar ligament
Tibia: The Shaft

Anterior margin:
– sharp ridge of shinbone
Tibia: The Distal Epiphysis

Medial malleolus:
– medial projection at the ankle
The Fibula
Attaches muscles of feet and toes
 Smaller than tibia
 Lateral to tibia

Fibula: Articulations with Tibia

Fibula/tibia articulations:
– head
– inferior tibiofibular joint

Interosseous membrane:
– binds fibula to tibia

Lateral malleolus:
– lateral projection of ankle
The Ankle

Also called the tarsus:
– consists of 7 tarsal
bones
Figure 8–14a
Bones of the Ankle

Talus:
– carries weight from tibia across trochlea

Calcaneus (heel bone):
– transfers weight from talus to ground
– attaches Achilles tendon

Cuboid bone:
– articulates with calcaneus
Ankle Bones

Navicular bone:
– articulates with talus and 3 cuneiform
bones
Medial cuneiform
 Intermediate cuneiform
 Lateral cuneiform

Feet: Metatarsal Bones
5 long bones of foot
 Numbered I–V, medial to lateral
 Articulate with toes

Feet: Phalanges

Phalanges:
– bones of the toes

Hallux:
– big toe, 2 phalanges (distal, proximal)

Other 4 toes:
– 3 phalanges (distal, medial, proximal)
Feet: Arches

Arches transfer weight from 1 part of the
foot to another
Figure 8–14b
Feet: The Longitudinal Arch

Calcanear portion:
– lateral

Talar portion:
– medial
Feet: The Transverse Arch

Formed by a difference in curvature
between medial and lateral borders of
the foot
Journal #6: Copy……I know
Tibia:
Os Coxae:
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Iliac Crest
Greater/Lesser
Sciatic Notch
Ischial Tuberosity
Acetabulum
Obturator Foramen
Pubic Tubercle
Iliac Fossa
Pubic Angle
Pelvic Inlet
Pelvic Outlet
Male or Female???
Femur:
Head
Neck
Shaft
Fovea Capitis
Greater/Lesser
Trochanter
Intertrochanteric
Line
Linea Aspera
Popliteal Surface
Intercondylar
Fossa
Patellar Surface
Lateral & Medial
Condyle
Lateral & Medial
Epicondyle
Lateral/Medial
Tibial Condyle
Popliteal Line
Intercondylar
Eminence
Medial Malleolus
Tibial Tuberosity
Anterior Margin
Fibula:
Head
Lateral Malleolus
Foot:
Tarsals: Calcaneus & Talus
Metatarsal Bones I-V
Phalanges: Hallux (Proximal/Distal)
2-5: (Prox/Med/Distal)
Journal #7: If someone is flat
footed, which arch is absent?
Fun Fact:
Because of their
extreme elasticity,
the lungs are 100
times easier to
blow up than a
child’s toy balloon


Objective:
Identify the bones
that form the
pelvic girdle and
lower limbs as
well as their
features and
markings.
Studying the Skeleton

Reveals characteristics:
– muscle strength and mass (bone ridges,
bone mass)
– medical history (condition of teeth, healed
fractures)
– sex and age (bone measurements and
fusion)
– body size