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Chapter 8
Introduction to the body!
The cell
• Cells are microscopic
• Every cell is programmed to do a specific job
that allows the body to function.
– Each cell reproduced, grows and repairs itself, uses
oxygen and nutrients, digests food for energy,
eliminates waste, produces heat and energy and is
able to move around
Three Main Parts
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Cell membrane
Tissues
• Tissues are specialized groups of cells
– Five types
•
•
•
•
•
Nerve
Epithelial
Connective
Blood
Muscle
– Smooth
– Striated
– Cardiac
Tissues of the Body
• Nerve tissue
– Through out the body
• Sends impulses to/from the CNS and to/from the body
• Epithelial Tissue
– Forms the outer skin and lines the body cavities and
passages to the outside of the body
• Protects, secretes, absorbs and receives sensations
• Connective tissue
– Bones, tendons, fat
• Binds, supports and connects body tissues
• Blood and Lymph Tissue
– Moves through the circulatory system
• Delivers nourishment electrolytes, hormones, vitamins,
antibodies, heat and oxygen to all body tissues
•
Muscle tissue
1. Cardiac
–
Heart muscle only
– Contracts the heart
2. Smooth
–
Internal Organs
– Contracts internal organs
3. Striated
–
Through out the body for movement
– Contracts and flexes to allow movement
Where are these found?
Organs are made up of different
types of tissue that work together
• Example-Heart is an organ made up of:
– Connective
– Nerve
– Muscle-Cardiac
Systems
A system is a group of organs working
together to perform a certain function.
The body is composed of several systems.
– Skeletal
– Muscular
– Circulatory
– Lymphatic
– Respiratory
-Digestive
-Urinary
-Glandular
-Nervous
-Reproductive
-Integumentary
Directions of the Body
• Anatomical Position
– The erect position of the
body with the face
directed forward the arms
at the side and the palms
of the hands directed
forward.
• Directional terms describe the positions of structures
relative to other structures or locations in the body.
• Superior or cranial
toward the head end of the body; upper (example, the
hand is part of the superior extremity).
Inferior or caudal
away from the head; lower (example, the foot is part
of the inferior extremity).
• Anterior or ventral
front (example, the kneecap is located on the anterior
side of the leg).
Posterior or dorsal
back (example, the shoulder blades are located on the
posterior side of the body).
•
• Medial
toward the midline of the body (example, the
middle toe is located at the medial side of the
foot).
• Lateral
away from the midline of the body (example,
the little toe is located at the lateral side of the
foot).
• Proximal
toward or nearest the trunk or the point of
origin of a part (example, the proximal end of
the femur joins with the pelvic bone).
• Distal
away from or farthest from the trunk or the
point or origin of a part (example, the hand is
located at the distal end of the forearm).
Cavities of Body
• Cranial Cavity
– Houses the brain
• Spinal Cavity
– Houses the spinal cord
• Thoracic Cavity
– Houses the heart lungs and large
blood vessels
• Abdominal Cavity
– Stomach, most of intestines,
kidney, liver, gallbladder, pancreas,
spleen
• Pelvic Cavity
– Urinary bladder, part of intestine,
rectum, parts of repo system.