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Chapter 3 Directional Terms, Anatomical Planes, Regions, and Quadrants Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Lesson 3.1 Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-2 Objectives Define and spell word parts related to directional terms. Define, pronounce, and spell the terms used to describe directions with respect to the body. Define, pronounce, and spell the terms used to describe the anatomical planes. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-3 Purpose of Directional Terms, Anatomic Planes, Abdominopelvic Regions, and Quadrants directional terms: used to describe the relative position of one part of the body to another anatomic planes: used to describe the location of internal organs and structures abdominopelvic regions: used to locate an anatomical position to describe pain, incisions, markings, and so on Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-4 Anatomic Position Body is viewed as erect, arms at the side with palms of the hands facing forward, and feet placed side by side. Whether the patient is standing or lying down face up, the directional terms are the same. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-5 Combining Forms for Directional Terms anter/o - front caud/o – tail (downward) cephal/o – head (upward) dist/o – away (from the point of attachment) dors/o - back infer/o - below later/o - side Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-6 Combining Forms for Directional Terms medi/o - middle poster/o – back, behind proxim/o – near (the point of attachment) super/o - above ventr/o – belly (front) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-7 Prefixes and Suffixes Prefixes bi- two uni- one Suffixes -ad - toward -ior – pertaining to Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-8 Clicker Question Which of the following is a prefix? bib) -ad c) dist/o a) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-9 Directional Terms Caudad – toward the tail (downward) Cephalad – toward the head (upward) Lateral – pertaining to the side Medial – pertaining to the middle Unilateral – pertaining to one side only Bilateral – pertaining to two sides Mediolateral – pertaining to the middle and to the side Distal – pertaining to away from pt. of attachment Proximal – pertaining to near the pt. of attach. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-10 Directional Terms Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-11 Directional Terms (cont’d.) Inferior – pertaining to below Superior – pertaining to above Caudal – pertaining to the tail (inferior) Cephalic – pertaining to the head Anterior – pertaining to the front Posterior – pertaining to the back Dorsal – pertaining to the back Ventral – pertaining to the belly (front) anteroposterior (AP) – pertaining to the front and to the back posteroanterior (PA) – pertaining to the back and to the front Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-12 Exercise Figure C #1 Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-13 Clicker Question Which of the following means two sides? unilateral b) lateral c) bilateral a) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-14 Anatomic Planes frontal or coronal: vertical field passing through the body from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions midsagittal: vertical field running through the body from front to back; divides body into right and left halves sagittal: vertical field running through the body from front to back—divides body into uneven right and left halves transverse: horizontal field dividing the body into upper and lower portions Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-15 Anatomic Planes (cont’d.) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-16 Chapter 3 Lesson 3.2 Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives Define, pronounce, and spell the terms used to describe the abdominopelvic regions. Identify and spell the four abdominopelvic quadrants. Interpret the meanings of the abbreviations. Read medical documents and interpret medical terminology contained in them. Interpret, read, and comprehend medical language in simulated medical statements and documents. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-18 Abdominopelvic Regions To assist medical personnel to locate medical problems with greater accuracy and for identification purposes, the abdomen is divided into regions: hypochondriac (right & left) of epigastric Epigastric – directly above umbilical lumbar (right & left) – of umbilical Umbilical – around the navel iliac (right & left) – of hypogastric Hypogastric – directly below umbilical Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-19 Abdominopelvic Regions (cont’d.) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-20 Abdominopelvic Quadrants Right upper quadrant: RUQ – right lobe of liver, gallbladder, part of the pancreas, portions of the small and large intestine and the right kidney Left upper quadrant: LUQ – left lobe of liver, the stomach, the spleen, part of the pancreas, portions of the small and large intestine and the left kidney Right lower quadrant: RLQ – portions of the small and large intestines, the appendix, the right ureter and the right ovary and uterine tube in women or the right spermatic duct in men Left lower quadrant: LLQ – portions of the small and large intestine, the left ureter and the left ovary and uterine tube in women or the left spermatic duct in men Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-21 Abdominopelvic Quadrants (cont’d.) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-22 Clicker Question Which of the following is an anatomic plane? sagittal b) iliac region c) right upper quadrant a) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-23 Abbreviations Ant - anterior AP - anteroposterior Inf - inferior Lat - lateral LLQ – left lower quadrant LUQ – left upper quadrant Med - medial PA - posteroanterior RLQ – right lower quadrant RUQ – right upper quadrant Sup - superior Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-24 Medical Document The patient presented to her physician with pain in the right lumbar region and right unilateral leg pain. The pain was felt in the posterior portion of the leg and radiated to the distal lateral portion of the extremity. There was some proximal muscle weakness reported of the affected leg. A lumbar spine radiograph was normal. If the pain does not respond to antiinflammatory medication, she will be referred to an orthopedist. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3-25