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Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues Seventh Edition Michael D. Johnson 4 From Cells to Organ Systems © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture Presentations by Robert J. Sullivan Marist College OBJECTIVES •Define tissues, organ, and organ systems • Discuss the 4 primary tissues (epithelial; connective; muscular; nervous) and membranes of the body • Describe body position or direction and the different cavities • Describe the 11 organ systems found in the body • Describe the skin as an organ • Explain how homeostasis is maintained © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Tissues Groups of same type of cells with a common function Four tissue types: – – – – Epithelial Connective tissues Muscle Nervous © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Epithelial Tissues Two basic purposes 1. Line body cavities and cover surfaces 2. Glandular epithelia – Epithelial cells make up glands – Exocrine glands – Secrete into ducts – Endocrine glands – Secrete into the blood to carry chemical messages throughout the body © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Epithelial Tissues: Classification Shape – Squamous – Flattened cells – Cuboidal – Cube shaped – Columnar – Column shaped © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Epithelial Tissues: Classification Number of layers – Simple/single-layered – Adapted for diffusion – Stratified/multiple-layered – Provide protection, as in the skin surface © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. How would the following epithelial tissue be called based on the layering and shape? A B D C Allposters.com www.studyblue.com www.nku.edu Kidney tubule E F Red blood cells Pathguy.com www.medtrrng.net Lining of blood vessel © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Microanatomy.net Epithelial Attachments Basement membrane: attaches epithelial layer to underlying tissues – Cell Junctions: cell to cell attachment tight adhesion gap What is the function of each type of junction? Which junction suits the following cells: skin; stomach; heart. Explain why. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Cell Junctions—Hold Adjacent Cells Together Tight junctions – Seal plasma membranes tightly together – Digestive tract epithelial lining Adhesion junctions/ desmosomes – Allow tissues to stretch and bend – Skin lining cells Gap junctions – Protein channels enable movement of materials between cells – Heart muscle cells © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Connective Tissue General functions – – – – Supports organs of body Connects parts of body Stores fat Produces blood cells (bone) Contains cells embedded in nonliving extracellular matrix Two general types – Fibrous and special © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Fibrous Connective Tissue Contains collagen, elastic fibers, fibroblasts embedded in gel-like matrix Four general types – Loose: surrounds many organs, around blood vessels – Dense: forms tendons, ligaments – Elastic: maintains shape, example wall of aorta – Reticular: makes up internal framework of soft organs (liver) and the lymphatic system © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.4 Elastin fibers Fibroblast Collagen fibers Loose connective tissue: around organs Collagen fibers Nuclei of fibroblasts Dense connective tissue (In tendons and ligaments ) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Specialized Connective Tissues Serve Special Functions Cartilage e.g. in trachea, ear Bone – support, movement Blood- transport of material Adipose tissue: made of fat cells; function in insulation, protection, and energy storage © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscle Tissue What is the primary purpose of muscle tissue? Contraction, produce movement What are the three main types and their function? Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle Which ones are voluntary? Skeletal Which ones are in voluntary? cardiac and smooth muscle © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Nervous Tissues • What is the primary function? • What is the difference between a neuron and a glial cell? • What is the purpose of the dendrites? Of the axon? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. dendrites axon cell body Nervous Tissues Transmit Impulses Neuron: specialized nervous system cell – Function: generate and transmit electrical impulses – Structural components: cell body, dendrites, axon Glial cells – Function: – Surround and protect neurons Provide nutrients to neurons © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. From Cells to Organ to Organ Systems What are organs? What are organ systems? What are the 11 organ systems of the human body? Use 1 – 5 words to describe each system © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Organs and Organ Systems Perform Complex Functions Organs – Contain two or more tissue types joined together; perform specific functions Organ systems – Groups of organs that perform a common function – Examples – Digestive system: mouth, throat, stomach, intestines, and liver – Lymphatic system: lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Organ Systems © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Organ Systems © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Cavities Anterior cavity – Thoracic cavity – Two pleural cavities – Pericardial cavity – Abdominal cavity Posterior cavity – Cranial cavity – Spinal cavity Tissue membranes (serous membranes) line anterior body cavities © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Main Body Cavities Which organs do the following cavities hold ? • Pericardial • Pleural • Abdominal • Pelvic • Cranial • Vertebral © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.8 Tissue Membranes What is the purpose of tissue membranes? Serous: lines body cavities, reduces friction between organs Mucous: Lines airways, digestive tract, reproductive tract lubricates surface open to the outside; captures debris Synovial: lines spaces in movable joints Cutaneous: skin, protective outer covering Q: What kind of membrane would you expect to find lining a pleural cavity? Explain. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Describing Body Position or Direction Three body planes – Midsagittal – Divides body into left and right sides – Frontal – Divides body into front and back – Transverse – Divides body into top and bottom © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.9 Superior (closer to the head or upper part of a structure) Frontal plane Transverse plane Distal (farther away from the trunk) Proximal (nearer to the trunk) Inferior Posterior (farther from the head or toward the lower part of a structure) (at or near the back) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior Midsagittal plane (at or near the front) Describing Body Position or Direction Terms to describe relative position – – – – – – – – Anterior: at or near the front Posterior: at or near the back Proximal: nearer to the body trunk Distal: farther away from the body trunk Superior: situated above or directed upward Inferior: situated below or directed downward Medial: toward the midline Lateral: away from the midline © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skin As an Organ System The proper name is integumentary system Includes skin, hair, nails, glands Functions – – – – – – Protection from dehydration Protects from injury Serves as defense against microorganisms Regulates body temperature Makes vitamin D Provides sensation © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Skin: Integumentary System • Describe 5 functions • Name the 2 layers • What tissues make up each layer? • Identify the accessories • Purpose of hypodermis? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.10 Which of the four tissue types are absent in this diagram? The Epidermis and Upper Dermis The epidermis consist of two main cell types: waterproof keratinocytes and melanin-producing melanocytes Why do we have diverse skin color? Why do the outer layers of epidermal cells die? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Accessory Structures Hair Smooth muscle – raises hair to upright position Oil glands Sweat glands Blood vessels Sensory nerves © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Homeostasis Maintains constant internal environment Mechanisms -negative feedback: deviations detected and counteracted • controlled variable • sensor • control center • set point • effector temperature receptor on nerve ends brain 37oC shiver (muscles contract) sweat (glands secrete H2O) Blood vessels dilate/constrict positive feedback: amplifies original change Example: process of childbirth © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Homeostasis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Activity: Homeostasis Glucose is simple sugar that provides energy to all of the cells in your body. Your body tries to keep a constant supply of glucose for your cells by maintaining a constant glucose concentration (70 – 100 mg/dL) in your blood---otherwise, your cells would have more than enough glucose right after a meal and starve in between meals and overnight. When you have an oversupply of glucose, the pancreas secretes insulin which stimulates the liver and muscle cells to store glucose as glycogen. It also stimulates fat cells to use up parts of glucose to make fat. If the level of glucose drops below normal (e.g. fasting), the pancreas releases the hormone glucagon. Glucagon stimulates the liver and muscles to break down stored glycogen to release glucose. Identify: controlled variable, sensor, control center, set point, effector Q: Is this a positive or negative feedback mechanism? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.