Download Introduction to Anatomy

The Brain and Cranial Nerves
Handout #7 Functions of Gray Matter and Handout #8
Cranial Nerves (just location for 3rd test)
A. Brain
1. Principal parts
2. Protection and coverings
3. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
4. Brain stem: anatomy and physiology
a. Medulla
b. Pons
c. Midbrain
5. Diencephalon
a. Thalamus
b. Hypothalamus
6. Cerebrum
a. Lobes
b. White matter
c. Basal ganglia
d. Limbic system
e. Functional areas of the cerebral
cortex
7. Cerebellum
Information processing takes place
at several levels within the CNS:
1. spinal cord
2. lower brain
3. higher brain
Divisions of Brain
Principal Parts
1.
2.
3.
4.
brain stem
diencephalon
cerebrum
cerebellum
Intro to Protection and Coverings
Protection and Coverings
1. cranial bones
2. meninges
a. dural sinuses
b. dural extensions
(1) falx cerebri
(2) falx cerebelli
(3) tentorium cerebelli
3. cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
1. location
2. ventricles
a. lateral (2)
b. third
c. fourth
CSF and Homeostasis
1. mechanical protection
2. chemical protection
3. circulation
CSF Formation and Removal
1. choroid plexus
2. arachnoid villi
CSF Flow Pattern
Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Medulla
Most inferior portion of brainstem
Cranial nerves XII, XI, X, IX,
and part of XIII
Regulates blood pressure,
heart rate, respiration,
swallowing, coughing, vomiting
Notable features: pyramids
medulla
Pons
Superior to medulla,
anterior to cerebellum
and inferior to midbrain
Alteration in basic respiratory pattern
Cranial nerves VIII, VII, VI, and V
Pons
Midbrain
1. ventral
a. cerebral peduncles
b. medial lemniscus
2. dorsal (tectum)
a. corpora quadrigemina
(1) superior colliculi
(2) inferior colliculi
b. cranial nerves III and IV
Reflex movements involving
Visual and auditory stimuli
midbrain
Thalamus- part of Diencephalon
1.
2.
3.
4.
paired nuclei
massa intermedia
relay station
crude sensations
Thalamus
Frontal section showing
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
1. paired nuclei
2. homeostasis control
3. functions
1) integration between the nervous
and endocrine systems
2) control of the autonomic nervous system
3) regulation of rage and aggression
4) regulation of body temperature
5) regulation of food intake
6) regulation of thirst
7) regulation of sleep-wake patterns
8) regulation of sex drive
Hypothlamus
Cerebrum
1. cerebral cortex
2. internal capsule
3. gyrus
4. sulcus
5. fissures
A) longitudinal
B) lateral
C) transverse
6. corpus callosum
Our seat of intelligence,
consciousness. See, taste,
feel, smell and hear
Cerebral Lobes
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Occipital
4. Temporal
5. Insula
Fiber Types Found in Cerebral White
Matter
Commissural tracts
(corpus callosum)
Projection tracts
Association tracts
Gray Matter of Cerebrum Basal
Ganglia Nuclei
Masses of gray matter lateral to the thalamus.
Function in large learned semi voluntary muscle movements
such as swinging arms when walking
Limbic System
A ring of structures surrounding the inner border of the
cerebrum and the floor of the diencephalon, encircling the
midbrain.
Emotional brain
Functional Areas
1. sensory areas
2. motor areas
3. association areas
Cerebellum
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
location
cerebellar cortex
cerebellar white matter
cerebellar nuclei
functions-sequential
muscle movements,
muscle tone, posture
Cranial Nerves